Antiarrhythmic Drugs and Cardiac Electrophysiology

What do wide or notched P waves in lead II indicate in dogs and cats?

What do tall R waves in leads with the positive electrode on the left and/or caudal aspect of the body indicate?

Why is electrocardiography considered to be very insensitive at identifying mild to moderate changes in chamber size?

What is the role of the sinus node in a healthy animal's heart?

Which type of arrhythmia is most commonly due to a reentrant loop within the atria and is typically characterized on the ECG by a 'saw-toothed' baseline with relatively normal QRS complexes?

What is the most common drug used in long-term treatment of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in dogs and cats?

In which species, dogs or cats, is third-degree AV block often produces no clinical signs and thus requires no treatment?

What should be implanted in dogs with third-degree AV block regardless of clinical signs?

What is the consecutive occurrence of a series of supraventricular premature complexes called?

Which drug is the most commonly used intravenously to 'break' supraventricular tachycardia into sinus rhythm?

What is the most common treatment for an accessory pathway (bypass tract) that may result in supraventricular tachycardia?

At what rate does supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) most commonly range in dogs?

What is the loading dose of amiodarone for dogs and cats?

What are premature complexes that originate from ectopic sites above the ventricles called?

What is the treatment of choice for animals with chronic bradyarrhythmias due to AV block or sick sinus syndrome?

What is an accessory pathway (bypass tract) in relation to the normal electrical connection between an atrium and a ventricle called?

What is the dosing regimen for atropine when administered orally to animals?

In which species are pacemakers implanted successfully, although only rarely, other than dogs and cats?

Which medication may be administered if pacemaker implantation is not a viable option for animals with chronic bradyarrhythmias?

What can occur if third-degree AV block is not identified before anesthesia in cats?

Which of the following is a characteristic of atrial standstill?

What is the principal problem in animals with sick sinus syndrome?

What is a possible effect of administering sympathomimetics to increase heart rate in animals with sick sinus syndrome?

What type of AV block is characterized by occasional P waves that are not followed by QRS complexes?

What is the range of heart rate in dogs with persistent atrial standstill?

What is the most likely outcome of administering parasympatholytics to increase heart rate in animals with sick sinus syndrome?

Which valve keeps blood flowing from the atria to the ventricles?

What is the effect of persistent atrial standstill on the sinus node?

What is the typical range of ventricular rhythm in dogs with atrial fibrillation?

What characterizes the ECG of dogs and cats with atrial fibrillation?

How is the ventricular rate controlled in most dogs and all cats with atrial fibrillation?

What drugs are used to prolong the refractory period of the AV node and slow AV nodal conduction?

In which dog breeds can atrial fibrillation develop with an otherwise normal heart?

What is the goal of treatment of atrial fibrillation in most dogs and all cats?

Which method is most sensible for converting atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm in dogs?

What can result from variation in the diastolic filling period of the ventricles due to irregular rhythm in animals with atrial fibrillation?

What do ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) arise from?

What distinguishes VPCs on ECGs?

What limits the use of amiodarone as a second-line treatment in animals?

What combination is often more effective than diltiazem alone for rate control in animals with atrial fibrillation?

What is the distinguishing feature of Mobitz type II second-degree AV block?

What distinguishes high-grade second-degree AV block from third-degree AV block?

What is the characteristic feature of third-degree AV block (complete heart block)?

What can be indicated by waveform abnormalities in dogs and cats?

What is the ideal treatment for high-grade second-degree AV block and third-degree AV block?

Which form of AV block is usually due to high vagal tone and is the most common type occurring in puppies?

What distinguishes high-grade second-degree AV block from third-degree AV block?

What type of heart block may be present without outward evidence of cardiac disease?

What is the characteristic feature of Mobitz type I second-degree AV block?

What is the distinguishing feature of third-degree (complete) AV block?

What is the ideal treatment for symptomatic animals with high-grade second-degree AV block?

What might waveform abnormalities in dogs and cats indicate?

What is the main reason that the sinoatrial node functions as the pacemaker of the heart?

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the absence of P waves on the ECG for a short period?

What does sinus bradycardia refer to in animals?

What can be a cause of sinus tachycardia in animals?

What is respiratory sinus arrhythmia characterized by?

What happens during sinoatrial block on the ECG?

In which animal is sinus arrhythmia considered abnormal in the hospital setting?

What may be considered for treatment of bradycardia in dogs and cats?

What is a characteristic of sinus arrest (sinoatrial arrest, sinus pause)?

What may be administered to resolve the underlying cause of sinus tachycardia?

What causes respiratory sinus arrhythmia in dogs?

What does respiratory sinus arrhythmia refer to?

What is the most common tachyarrhythmia that is treated?

Which drug is generally preferred to control the ventricular rate in dogs with atrial fibrillation?

Why is caution warranted when treating patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) with sotalol?

What is the target average heart rate suggested by the text for dogs using a Holter monitor?

What can ventricular tachycardia degenerate into and cause?

What is the primary role of most antiarrhythmic drugs?

How are chamber enlargement indicated in dogs and cats according to the text?

What is the potential effect of some antiarrhythmics on congestive heart failure (CHF)?

What is the role of an automatic implantable defibrillator in human medicine according to the text?

When does fast ventricular tachycardia make dogs most vulnerable to dying suddenly?

What medication combination can effectively decrease or stop episodes of syncope due to ventricular tachycardia in Boxers with ARVC, according to the text?

What does pacing the heart of a dog at a rate $ extgreater$180 bpm result in?

Which of the following best describes ventricular tachycardia?

Which condition can commonly cause an accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) in dogs in the intensive care unit?

Which treatment effectively controls accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) in Boxers and usually stops syncope?

What distinguishes a ventricular escape rhythm from a ventricular tachycardia?

What is the primary cause of ventricular fibrillation as a terminal rhythm?

Which condition is most likely to cause nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in dogs and cats?

What is a distinguishing feature of an accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) on an ECG?

What is the most prevalent cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs?

What distinguishes ventricular tachycardia from an accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR)?

In which scenario does administration of sotalol or a combination of atenolol and mexiletine effectively control the arrhythmia?

Which statement best describes the occurrence of fusion beats on an ECG?

What distinguishes a ventricular escape rhythm from an idioventricular rhythm?