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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of amantadine in treating influenza A virus?
What is the primary mechanism of action of amantadine in treating influenza A virus?
Which influenza virus type is unaffected by amantadine?
Which influenza virus type is unaffected by amantadine?
What role does neuraminidase play in the life cycle of the influenza virus?
What role does neuraminidase play in the life cycle of the influenza virus?
Which of the following describes a common side effect associated with amantadine?
Which of the following describes a common side effect associated with amantadine?
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Which drug class is oseltamivir categorized under?
Which drug class is oseltamivir categorized under?
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What is a significant advantage of neuraminidase inhibitors over M2 inhibitors?
What is a significant advantage of neuraminidase inhibitors over M2 inhibitors?
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How does the M2 proton channel affect the influenza virus within the host cell?
How does the M2 proton channel affect the influenza virus within the host cell?
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Which of the following is true regarding the side effects of oseltamivir compared to amantadine?
Which of the following is true regarding the side effects of oseltamivir compared to amantadine?
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How does amantadine affect the HA protein of the influenza virus?
How does amantadine affect the HA protein of the influenza virus?
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In what stage can oseltamivir exert its therapeutic effect?
In what stage can oseltamivir exert its therapeutic effect?
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Which hepatitis virus is classified as a DNA virus?
Which hepatitis virus is classified as a DNA virus?
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What is the mechanism by which ribavirin directly inhibits viral replication?
What is the mechanism by which ribavirin directly inhibits viral replication?
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Which of the following is NOT a side effect associated with anti-hepatitis drugs mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect associated with anti-hepatitis drugs mentioned?
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Which interferon is known primarily for activating macrophages and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes?
Which interferon is known primarily for activating macrophages and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes?
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What type of molecule do nucleotide/nucleoside analogues primarily inhibit in relation to hepatitis B infection?
What type of molecule do nucleotide/nucleoside analogues primarily inhibit in relation to hepatitis B infection?
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Which of the following best describes the role of interferons in viral infections?
Which of the following best describes the role of interferons in viral infections?
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What type of analogues require phosphorylation to exert their antiviral effects?
What type of analogues require phosphorylation to exert their antiviral effects?
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What is a common side effect associated with the use of tenofovir?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of tenofovir?
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Which of the following mechanisms is NOT associated with ribavirin?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT associated with ribavirin?
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Which hepatitis virus is most commonly pathogenic alongside hepatitis B?
Which hepatitis virus is most commonly pathogenic alongside hepatitis B?
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Study Notes
Anti-Influenza Virus
- Influenza virus types include A, B, and C. Type A is most common and pathogenic.
- Hemagglutinin (HA) on the virus attaches to sialic acid receptors on host cells.
- The virus is internalized into an endosome.
- Viral M2 protein channel facilitates virus uncoating.
- Viral RNA is released, replicated, and new viruses are assembled.
- Virus buds from the host cell.
- Viral release is facilitated by the sialidase activity of neuraminidase (NA) protein.
Anti-Influenza Drugs
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Amantadine: acts as an M2 proton channel inhibitor.
- Prevents viral uncoating in early stages.
- Prevents proper viral assembly in later stages.
- Primarily effective against influenza A virus.
- Side effects include CNS-related issues, often dose-dependent, which can also be exacerbated with concomitant use of certain other drugs.
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Oseltamivir: is a neuraminidase inhibitor.
- Prevents the release of new viral particles by inhibiting neuraminidase activity.
- Effective on both influenza A and B.
- Less toxic than amantadine. Common side effects includes gastrointestinal (GI) issues that resolve quickly.
Anti-Hepatitis Drugs
- Hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D
- B is DNA double-stranded
- C is RNA single-stranded
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Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogues:
- These drugs require phosphorylation to become active.
- Some inhibit HBV DNA polymerase or HCV RNA polymerase.
- Example drugs include ribavirin, entecavir, lamivudine, telbivudine, adefovir, tenofovir, and sofosbuvir.
- Side effects vary by drug. (e.g. Ribavirin- hemolytic anemia, teratogenicity) (e.g. Tenofovir- nephrotoxicity, bone loss)
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Interferons:
- Antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative properties. Types include IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ.
- Interferons activate antiviral proteins in the host cell, preventing viral replication.
- Pegylated interferons (attached to PEG for slowed absorption and extended duration)
- Side effects can be significant, including gastrointestinal irritation, flu-like symptoms, neutropenia, fatigue and even alopecia or thyroid issues.
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Simeprevir:
- Inhibits non-structural protein 3/4A protease (NS3/4A protease). This protease is essential for viral replication
- Side effects include anemia, pruritus, and transient increases in bilirubin concentration.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of anti-influenza virus mechanisms and the pharmacology of anti-influenza drugs. It focuses on the types of influenza viruses, their replication process, and the specific actions of Amantadine and Oseltamivir. Test your knowledge on these crucial aspects of virology and pharmacology.
