Anthropology and Sociology Week 1-4

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary reason why ancient Egyptians settled near the River Nile?

  • The river's waters were used for transportation and trade.
  • The river's banks provided protection from invaders.
  • The river provided a source of fresh water for drinking.
  • The river's fertile land allowed for agriculture. (correct)

Which of the following was NOT a Mesopotamian city?

  • Uruk
  • Kish
  • Ur
  • Athens (correct)

What type of government did the Akkadian Empire have?

  • Oligarchy
  • Monarchy (correct)
  • Theocracy
  • Democracy

How did the rise of military commanders contribute to the establishment of dynasties in Mesopotamia?

<p>Military commanders became powerful and asserted their authority over existing governments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event marked the beginning of the Tudor dynasty in England?

<p>The victory of Henry VII in the War of the Roses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these monarchs was NOT a part of the process of establishing a centralized nation-state in their respective territories?

<p>Alexander the Great of Macedon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical event sparked the rise of nationalism across Europe?

<p>The French Revolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, ended which major world event?

<p>World War I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary field of study focuses specifically on culture?

<p>Anthropology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key areas that both sociology and anthropology study?

<p>Human behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best distinguishes sociology from anthropology?

<p>Sociology primarily studies contemporary societies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specialized field would be more concerned with the structure of social institutions?

<p>Sociology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception might people have regarding sociology and anthropology?

<p>They share similarities and overlap in subject matter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Political Science?

<p>The systematic study of government and politics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes culture?

<p>Culture is a shared product of society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does language play in culture?

<p>It is the main vehicle for the transmission of culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is culture primarily transmitted within a society?

<p>By way of imitation and instruction from others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of culture?

<p>It can be possessed solely by individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it said that culture does not exist in isolation?

<p>It develops through interactions within society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of cultural elements?

<p>They are dynamic and can vary significantly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can culture be transmitted besides language?

<p>Through imitation as well as instruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is enculturation primarily responsible for in an individual?

<p>Facilitating the learning of necessary values and behaviors in a culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the process of enculturation?

<p>It is a conscious and unconscious conditioning process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does socialization contribute to the enculturation process?

<p>It facilitates learning from observing others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do parents play in the enculturation of a child?

<p>They instill foundational values in their children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does schooling contribute to an individual's enculturation?

<p>It teaches culturally accepted behaviors and knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of enculturation in teenagers?

<p>An adaptation of the values and behaviors of their peers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can observing community members influence a person’s enculturation?

<p>It inspires the practice of social duties and obligations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with enculturation?

<p>The rejection of all cultural influences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the invention of writing in Mesopotamia?

<p>It allowed for the recording of history, marking the end of Prehistory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the shift from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary one?

<p>The development of new agricultural techniques. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the discovery of metals impact human civilization?

<p>It allowed for the creation of new tools and weapons, leading to societal advancements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Age of Metals?

<p>The development of agriculture and settled communities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a notable example of a tool made during the Bronze Age?

<p>Bronze sword. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical development is considered the "cradle of civilization"?

<p>The Fertile Crescent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geographical feature is associated with the Fertile Crescent?

<p>The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of society did humans live in before they developed settled communities?

<p>Nomadic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sociology primarily focus on?

<p>Social institutions and interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does anthropology emphasize more than sociology?

<p>The qualitative analysis of human beliefs and practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that differentiates anthropology from sociology?

<p>Anthropology incorporates historical perspectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does anthropology approach the study of culture?

<p>Through comparative historical analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes sociology's approach to social interactions?

<p>It focuses on the organization of society (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does religion typically play in the study of sociology?

<p>It is examined as a social institution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is generally considered a commonality between anthropology and sociology?

<p>Both explore the relationships among people and their traditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area do both sociology and anthropology overlap?

<p>The study of social behavior in various contexts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be considered a limitation of sociology in its study of human behavior?

<p>It fails to incorporate historical contexts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary focus of study sets anthropology apart from sociology?

<p>Understanding cultural beliefs and human evolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the methodology used in anthropology?

<p>It emphasizes ethnographic research and field work (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is most likely to be studied by sociologists rather than anthropologists?

<p>The impact of social reform movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which discipline is more likely to investigate the qualitative backgrounds of language?

<p>Anthropology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key component often stands at the intersection of both fields?

<p>The examination of cultural practices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Understanding Culture

The study of cultural practices, beliefs, and values.

Anthropology

The study of human cultures, their development, and their social behaviors.

Sociology

The study of society, social institutions, and social relationships.

Political Science

The study of politics, government systems, and political behavior.

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Differences between Sociology and Anthropology

Sociology studies social relations, while anthropology focuses on culture.

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Differences between Anthropology and Sociology

Anthropology studies cultures and evolution; Sociology studies social interactions.

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Kinship

A system of relationships among people connected by blood or marriage.

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Cultural evolution

The changes in cultures over time and through different processes.

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Social institutions

Structures that govern the behavior of a group in a society, like family and education.

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Qualitative research

Research focused on understanding concepts, thoughts, or experiences rather than quantifying data.

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Historical doctrine

A framework of historical events that influence current beliefs and practices.

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Social interactions

The way individuals relate, communicate, and influence one another in society.

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Cultural beliefs

Shared ideals and assumptions within a culture that guide behavior.

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Language in anthropology

A key component for understanding cultures, reflecting their values and beliefs.

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Human psychology

The study of the mind and behavior of individuals within societal contexts.

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French influence

Factors from French culture that impact cultural or sociological studies.

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Emerging issues

New social problems or phenomena that arise in society.

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Tradition

Long-established customs or beliefs that are passed down through generations.

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Age of Metals

Period from 4000 B.C. to 1500 B.C. when metals were used.

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Copper Age

First stage in the Age of Metals where copper was primarily used.

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Bronze Age

Second stage marked by the use of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin.

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Iron Age

Final stage in the Age of Metals characterized by the use of iron.

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Mesopotamia

Ancient civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

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Fertile Crescent

Region in Western Asia known for early agriculture and civilization.

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Invention of Writing

Development that marked the end of prehistory and the start of history in Mesopotamia.

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Sedentary Society

A community that settled in one place, moving away from nomadic life.

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Enculturation

The process of learning and adapting to one's culture.

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Conscious Conditioning

A deliberate learning of cultural values and behaviors.

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Unconscious Conditioning

An automatic way of absorbing cultural norms without awareness.

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Role of Family in Enculturation

Family teaches values and behaviors early in life.

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Social Duties

Responsibilities one learns from observing community practices.

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Peer Influence

Adapting behaviors and values based on friends' actions.

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Culturally Accepted Behavior

Actions recognized as appropriate within a culture.

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Civilized Behavior

Mannerisms and etiquette learned through education and socialization.

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Government

An organization directing and controlling a political entity.

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Civil Liberties

Fundamental rights protected by law from governmental interference.

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Culture

A shared set of beliefs, values, and practices of a society.

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Cultural Transmission

The way cultural beliefs and practices are passed down.

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Societal Culture

Unique practices, customs, and values of a specific society.

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Language in Culture

The main medium through which culture is transmitted.

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Cuneiform

One of the earliest writing systems from Mesopotamia.

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Ziggurat

A tiered, pyramid-shaped structure serving as a temple in Mesopotamia.

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Dynasty

A series of rulers from the same family lineage.

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Akkadian Empire

An ancient empire in Mesopotamia that lasted about 200 years.

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Pharaoh

The all-powerful king of ancient Egypt, considered a god.

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Tudor Dynasty

The royal family in England that emerged after the War of the Roses.

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Absolute Monarchy

A government where the king or queen holds all power, like Louis XIV of France.

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Treaty of Versailles

The agreement that ended World War I in 1919.

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Study Notes

Week 1

  • Understanding culture, society, and politics.
  • Anthropology: Studies culture, focusing on unique features of societies.
  • Sociology: Studies society, examining influences on individual lives.
  • Anthropology began as a science of exploration during the time of European colonization when countries started colonizing underdeveloped societies.
  • Sociology emerged as a study of European society during the Industrial Revolution.

Week 2: Characteristics of Culture

  • Culture is socially constructed, influenced by interactions.
  • Every society has a unique, varying culture.
  • Culture is shared by a group, not individualistic.
  • Culture is learned, not innate.
  • Culture is transmitted through interaction with others.
  • Culture is consistent but ever-changing.

Weeks 3-4: Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism

  • Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures based on one's own culture.

  • Cultural relativism: Acknowledging and understanding cultures on their own terms.

  • Cultural relativism emphasizes acknowledging cultures' complexity and unique practices rather than judging them based on their differences.

  • Ethnocentrism often leads to misunderstanding, negative judgments, and conflict as people judge other cultures negatively based on their own beliefs.

  • Examples of ethnocentrism in history include colonialism, wartime miscommunications, and religiously-based conflicts.

Weeks 5-6: Human Cultural Evolution

  • Human cultural evolution spans Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages.
  • The Palaeolithic Period (Old Stone Age) involved nomadic life and simple tools.
  • The Neolithic Revolution (New Stone Age): agriculture became predominant.
  • The Metal Ages involved advancements in metallurgy and societal structures leading to more complex societal structures.
  • The invention of writing began in Mesopotamia, marking the transition from prehistory to history.

Week 7: Socialization

  • Socialization is the process of learning culture through interactions.
  • Agents of socialization are family, school, and peer groups that influence an individual's views.
  • Socialization is crucial for learning language and behaviours in a society.

Week 8: Social Organizations

  • Social groups are typically a collection of people with common characteristics.

  • Primary social groups (family, childhood friends) focus on relationships, while secondary groups (professional or work groups) aim to achieve a common goal.

  • Reference groups: Individuals use these groups as standards for comparison and judgment, irrespective of group membership.

  • Networks: These are connections between people across various groups, and these connections are facilitated by social media.

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