Questions and Answers
What type of bond includes relationships such as cousins and uncles/aunties?
Which of the following best describes primary groups?
What is an out-group?
Which of the following relationships is categorized under fictive bonds?
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What role does a reference group play in an individual's life?
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Which theoretical perspective focuses on how each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole?
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Which perspective emphasizes the role of inequalities in social differences and power dynamics?
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Culture is said to be dynamic, flexible, and adaptive. What does this imply about culture?
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What type of society is characterized by a group of individuals sharing common culture, geography, and government?
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Which factor is often implicated in cultural change?
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What does the term 'social differences' refer to?
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Which of the following best describes the implications of culture being shared and contested?
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What is the primary focus of Symbolic Interactionism?
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What is social change primarily characterized by?
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How can one effectively avoid ethnocentrism?
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What is the definition of cultural relativism?
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What is the main focus of socialization?
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What term describes the process of modifying thoughts and actions to fit in with societal behavior?
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What is a key characteristic of deviance?
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What is the purpose of social control?
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What does enculturation ensure?
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Study Notes
Anthropology Overview
- Definition: Anthropology studies humans, their behavior, societies, and cultures across different times and places.
- Notable Quote: "Man is by nature a social animal" - Aristotle highlights the intrinsic social nature of humans.
Branches of Anthropology
- Cultural Anthropology: Focuses on cultural variations among humans.
- Archaeological Anthropology: Studies past human societies through material remains.
- Biological Anthropology: Examines biological diversity and evolution in relation to culture.
- Linguistic Anthropology: Investigates language's role in social life.
Goals of Anthropology
- Understand cultural diversity.
- Study the impact of social structures on human behavior.
- Explore human biological evolution.
- Examine language as a cultural tool.
Sociology Overview
- Definition: Sociology analyzes social behavior, institutions, and structures.
- Focus on understanding how social interactions shape individual and group behaviors.
Anthropological and Sociological Perspectives in Culture and Society
- Emphasis on how cultural norms and values are established and changed within societies.
- Exploration of human behavior in a social context.
Importance of Sociology
- Provides insights into societal trends and issues.
- Contributes to social policy development.
- Fosters understanding of social justice and equality.
Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology
-
Structural Functionalism:
- Level of Analysis: Macro or Mid.
- Focus: How different parts of society function together for stability.
-
Conflict Theory:
- Level of Analysis: Macro.
- Focus: Examination of social inequalities and power struggles.
-
Symbolic Interactionism:
- Level of Analysis: Micro.
- Focus: Understanding societal interactions and personal meanings.
Political Science Overview
- Definition: Political science studies governance, political processes, and political behavior.
Perspectives in Politics
- Examination of ideologies, institutions, and behaviors that shape political processes.
Goals in Political Science
- Analyze political systems and power dynamics.
- Influence public policy and governance.
- Understand voter behavior and political engagement.
Culture Overview
- Definition: Culture encompasses beliefs, practices, values, and material objects shared by a group.
Two Types of Culture
- Material Culture: Physical objects and artifacts in a society.
- Non-Material Culture: Ideas, beliefs, and values that shape a society.
Culture Variation
- Acknowledges diversity in social behaviors and practices across different cultures.
Elements of Culture
- Symbols: Objects representing concepts.
- Language: A means of communication and cultural transmission.
- Values: Shared beliefs determining what is important.
- Norms: Rules and expectations guiding behavior.
Aspects of Culture
- Dynamic: Culture evolves over time.
- Shared and Contested: Cultures are collectively negotiated.
- Learned: Transmitted through socialization and enculturation.
- Patterned Interaction: Cultural behavior is structured.
- Integrated: Cultures are interconnected yet can face instability.
- Requires Communication: Language is vital for cultural expression.
Society Overview
- Definition: A society is a group sharing a common culture and governance.
Types of Society
- Pre-industrial: Small, kin-based societies.
- Industrial: Larger, urban societies with complex social structures.
- Post-industrial: Societies focused on information and technology.
Social Differences
- Discrimination arises based on economic status, ethnicity, gender, and profession, yet societal responsibilities remain upheld.
Cultural Change
- Influenced by internal (innovation) and external (globalization) factors.
Political Change
- Involves significant shifts in government structure, leadership, or policy.
Social Change
- Refers to evolving patterns in behavior and cultural values, often driven by modernization and globalization.
Causes of Social Change
- Technological advancements, economic shifts, ecological factors, social movements, political upheaval, and changes in cultural norms.
Ethnocentrism
- The belief that one's culture is superior, leading to biased perspectives on other cultures.
Ways to Avoid Ethnocentrism
- Avoid assumptions, learn about other cultures, refrain from judgments, and practice respect.
Cultural Relativism
- Understanding beliefs and practices through the lens of one’s culture.
Socialization
- The process of learning and internalizing the values and norms of one's society, shaping individuals as contributors.
Aspects of Socialization
- Family influence, educational systems, peer groups, and media impact behaviors and beliefs.
Enculturation
- The process of passing cultural knowledge and traditions to ensure continuity across generations.
Agents of Socialization
- Family, schools, peers, media, religious institutions, work, community, and social institutions.
Conformity
- Adjusting thoughts and behaviors to fit accepted standards within a group.
Deviance
- Behaviors that violate societal norms and provoke negative reactions from group members.
Social Control
- Mechanisms and practices to enforce norms and manage deviance.
Sanctions
- Responses to deviant behavior aimed at maintaining social order and norms.
Human Society
- A large social group sharing geographical territory, political authority, and cultural norms.
Kinship
- Culturally defined relationships based on bonds of affinity (marriage) and consanguinity (blood relations).
Primary Groups
- Characterized by intimate, enduring relationships; crucial for emotional support and socialization.
Importance of Primary Groups
- Foster strong emotional bonds and provide essential social support.
Secondary Groups
- Involved in more impersonal, task-oriented relationships; focused on material exchanges.
In-Groups and Out-Groups
- In-Groups: Groups individuals identify with.
- Out-Groups: Groups individuals do not belong to.
Reference Group
- A group used as a standard for self-evaluation and comparison.
Inspirational Quote
- "Life is like a runway, so slay every day" - Lemiel.
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