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Questions and Answers
What is the causative agent of anthrax?
What is the causative agent of anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
Name two primary reservoirs of anthrax.
Name two primary reservoirs of anthrax.
Domestic animals like sheep and cattle, and wild animals.
What is the common mode of transmission for inhalational anthrax?
What is the common mode of transmission for inhalational anthrax?
Inhalation of contaminated dust or droplets.
Describe one clinical sign of cutaneous anthrax.
Describe one clinical sign of cutaneous anthrax.
What is the mortality rate range for gastrointestinal anthrax?
What is the mortality rate range for gastrointestinal anthrax?
Why should autopsies be avoided in suspected anthrax cases?
Why should autopsies be avoided in suspected anthrax cases?
What preventive measure can be taken for high-risk individuals like butchers?
What preventive measure can be taken for high-risk individuals like butchers?
What is one control measure for anthrax in animals?
What is one control measure for anthrax in animals?
Flashcards
Anthrax
Anthrax
A deadly bacterial infection that mainly affects animals, but can be transmitted to humans.
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracis
The bacterium that causes anthrax, highly resistant to environmental conditions.
Anthrax Transmission
Anthrax Transmission
The primary mode of transmission of anthrax is through direct contact with infected animals or their contaminated products.
Cutaneous Anthrax
Cutaneous Anthrax
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Pulmonary Anthrax
Pulmonary Anthrax
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Gastrointestinal Anthrax
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
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Anthrax Prevention
Anthrax Prevention
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Anthrax Vaccination
Anthrax Vaccination
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Study Notes
Anthrax
- Synonym: malignant pustule, malignant edema, or woolsorter's disease
- Etiology: Bacillus anthracis
- Found in soil, animal tissue, water
- Present in spores form in environment
- Highly resistant to various conditions
- Infection from contaminated environment, meat, etc.
- Incubation period is 2-50 weeks
- Reservoir: domestic animals (sheep, cattle, horses, swine), wild animals
- Dissemination: through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated products
- Transmission: direct contact with infected animals, contaminated veterinary instruments, contaminated products.
- Routes of transmission: Direct contact, Inhalation, Ingestion, Mechanical vectors (Insects)
- Symptoms/Clinical signs:
- skin infection: Pustule on skin
- Inhalation: high fever, severe respiratory distress
- Gastrointestinal: severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
- Complication: Septicaemia
- Prevention and Control: Control infection, Personal hygiene, Public hygiene, Food safety (water, milk, fruits/vegetables), avoid contact with infected materials
Leptospirosis
- Etiology: Leptospira spp.
- Reservoir: rats, wildlife, pigs, cattle, dogs
- Transmission: urine of infected animals entering wounds, direct contact
- Clinical signs:
- Fever, chills, headache, muscle pains, vomiting
- Jaundice (yellowing of eyes), kidney failure
- Incubation period: 2-7 days 7-14 days
- Prevention: avoiding contact with contaminated water sources or contaminated animals, personal protective equipment(PPE)(gloves when handling animals, pesticides, water)
Campylobacteriosis
- Etiology: Campylobacter species
- Reservoir:
- Animals, particularly poultry
- Transmission: ingesting contaminated food (raw or undercooked meat), or through exposure to products and surfaces contaminated by infected animals.
- Prevention: avoid eating raw/undercooked meat, careful food preparation, hand washing after handling animals.
- Clinical signs: Diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting
Bacterial Viral Infections
- Etiology: Vibrios
- Reservoir: Marine animals and water
- Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated raw foods, especially seafood
- Prevention: Proper cooking and preparation of seafood.
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