Anthrax and Leptospirosis Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the causative agent of anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis (correct)

Escherichia coli

Leptospira interrogans

Brucella abortus

Which route of transmission is NOT associated with anthrax?

Consumption of contaminated food

Direct contact with broken skin (correct)

Inhalation of spores

Direct contact with infected animals

What is the incubation period for anthrax?

1-3 weeks

1-2 days

2-5 days (correct)

7-10 days

What characterizes the cutaneous form of anthrax?

Papule to vesicle to depressed eschar Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary treatment for leptospirosis?

Doxycycline and ampicillin Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a pathognomonic sign of anthrax in animals?

Blood oozing from body orifices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by Leptospira interrogans?

Brucellosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard test for diagnosing anthrax?

Ascoli test Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of tularemia characterized by necrotic ulceration of lymph nodes near entry sites?

Ulcerglandular tularemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission for the bioagents mentioned in the content?

Airborne transmission Signup and view all the answers

In tularemia, which symptom is NOT typically associated with the disease?

Profuse watery diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for tularemia?

Three to five days Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for tularemia?

Streptomycin and tetracycline Signup and view all the answers

What is an important method of control and prophylaxis for managing colibacillosis?

Mandatory meat inspection Signup and view all the answers

Which strain of E.coli is considered the most pathogenic?

EIEC Signup and view all the answers

What is the synonym for tularemia as mentioned in the document?

Francis disease Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly seen in colibacillosis caused by EIEC strains?

Dysentery-like symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission for salmonellosis?

Ingestion of contaminated food Signup and view all the answers

What is the antibiotic of choice for treating typhoid fever and salmonellosis in humans?

Chloramphenicol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Listeria monocytogenes?

Ingestion of contaminated food and milk Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical signs are common in women infected with Listeriosis?

Chills and cephalalgia Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended control measure for preventing Erysipeloid infection?

Wearing gloves while handling fish Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily responsible for Dermatophilosis?

Dermatophilus congolensis Signup and view all the answers

How is the incubation period of Listeriosis typically characterized?

Twenty-one days (average) Signup and view all the answers

What antibiotic is primarily used for treating swine erysipelas?

Penicillin Signup and view all the answers

What is the common symptom seen in newborns infected with Listeriosis?

Cigarette butt lesions on the head Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding MRSA infections?

It can be transmitted through droplets from asymptomatic carriers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Dermatophilus congolensis under a microscope?

Branched filaments with septations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Glanders?

Direct contact with infected horses Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is primarily responsible for Lyme Disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Plague?

2 to 6 days Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is most characteristic of Bubonic Plague?

Swollen lymph nodes (buboes) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard test for diagnosing Brucellosis?

Rose Bengal Test Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for Pasteurellosis?

Gentamycin Signup and view all the answers

What clinical manifestation is associated with Cat Scratch Disease (CSD)?

Regional lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of Rab Bite Fever?

Influenza-like symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which control measure is recommended to prevent Lyme Disease?

Using repellents to deter ticks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Glanders?

Carbopenicillins Signup and view all the answers

What are the three classifications of Glanders based on disease onset and severity?

Acute, chronic, subclinical Signup and view all the answers

What common symptom does Lyme Disease share with Glanders?

Arthralgia Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is primarily associated with the transmission of Yersinia pestis?

Rats Signup and view all the answers

What symptom primarily distinguishes Septicemic Plague from Bubonic Plague?

Dyspnea and coughing Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anthrax

Also known as Woolsorter's disease, Charbon, Malignant pustule, Malignant edema, Malignant carbuncle.
Caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive bacterium that forms spores in air.
Enters the body through direct contact or inhalation of spores.
Incubation period is 2-5 days.
Three clinical forms: cutaneous, respiratory/pulmonary, and gastrointestinal.
Pathognomonic signs in animals include blood oozing from body orifices, lack of rigor mortis, and rapid decomposition.
Gold standard test is the Ascoli test, a precipitin test for serological diagnosis.
Treatment involves penicillin.
Control measures include preventing contact with infected animals, disinfecting wool and fur with formaldehyde, controlling animal infections, and incinerating or burying dead animals.

Leptospirosis

A significant occupational disease causing Weil's Disease, Canicola Fever, Mildrop Syndrome, Cane Cutter's Fever, Rice Field Fever, Stuggart's Disease, and Muddy Fever/Swamp Fever.
Caused by Leptospira interrogans, a Gram-negative, tightly coiled spirochete.
Transmitted through direct contact with infected urine on broken skin or intact mucous membranes.
Incubation period is 1-2 weeks.
Two phases: bacteremic/leptospiremic and leptospiruric.
The bacteremic phase (7-10 days) can be icteric/hepatonephritic (Weil's disease) with symptoms like fever, headache, myalgia, conjunctivitis, stiff neck, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, petechiae, GI hemorrhages, proteinuria, oliguria, anuria, azotemia, and electrolyte imbalance, or anicteric, presenting with influenza-like symptoms.
The leptospiruric phase involves shedding of the agent in urine for weeks to months; doxycycline is given to prevent further transmission.
Gold standard test is the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT).
Treatment includes doxycycline and ampicillin (IV only).
Control measures involve avoiding exposure to floods and using doxycycline prophylaxis.

Brucellosis

Also known as undulant fever, Malta/Mediterranean Fever, Bang's Disease, and Ram Epididymis.
Caused by Brucella species: B. abortus, B. suis, B. melitensis, and B. canis.
Transmitted through direct contact with infected placentas and afterbirths during parturition of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs.
Incubation period is 1-3 weeks.
Clinical signs include irregular fever, chills, profuse sweating, weakness, insomnia, sexual impotence, constipation, anorexia, headache, arthralgia, general malaise, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly/jaundice, and nervous signs.
Gold standard test is the Rose Bengal Test.
Treatment involves gentamicin.
Control includes avoiding contact with infected animals, human and animal vaccination, and milk pasteurization.

Plague

Historically caused significant mortality (1/3 of Europe's population).
Also known as bubonic plague, black death, pestilential fever.
Caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillary to bacillary form with low resistance to physical and chemical agents.
Transmitted through bites of Oriental/black rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis, found on wild rodents.
Incubation period is 2-6 days.
Three forms: bubonic (inflammation and swelling of lymph nodes), septicemic (rapid onset of nervous and cerebral symptoms), and pneumonic (complication of bubonic and septicemic forms, characterized by dyspnea, coughing, expectoration, and pneumonia).
Clinical signs include fever, chills, nausea, headache, generalized pain, diarrhea/constipation, toxemia, shock, arterial hypotension, rapid pulse, nervous signs (anxiety, staggering gait, slurred speech, mental confusion, prostration).
Treatment involves streptomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol.
Control and prophylaxis focus on rodent and plague control.

Lyme Disease

Also known as Lyme Arthritis and Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) with polyarthritis.
Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a Gram-negative spirochete.
Transmitted through tick bites, particularly Ixodes dammini.
Incubation period is 3-20 days.
Clinical signs include cutaneous manifestations (red macule/papule, bull's eye lesion) and systemic symptoms (fever, malaise, headache, stiff neck, myalgia, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy).
Treatment involves doxycycline and penicillin.
Control and prophylaxis include using doxycycline, avoiding tick bites, and applying repellents.

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Description

Explore the key features of Anthrax and Leptospirosis, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. This quiz highlights the clinical forms of both diseases, their transmission methods, and control measures. Test your knowledge about these significant infectious diseases.