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Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic shape of the sunken spots that appear on the skin of infected fruits?
What is the characteristic shape of the sunken spots that appear on the skin of infected fruits?
- Triangular
- Oval
- Elliptical (correct)
- Circular
What is the primary source of infection for anthracnose and ripe fruit rot?
What is the primary source of infection for anthracnose and ripe fruit rot?
- Water droplets on the surface of the fruit
- Conidia dispersed by wind
- Infected seeds in external seeds borne plants and crop debris (correct)
- Infected plant parts
What is the optimal temperature range for the growth of anthracnose and ripe fruit rot?
What is the optimal temperature range for the growth of anthracnose and ripe fruit rot?
- 15-25°C
- 25-35°C
- 17-28°C (correct)
- 20-30°C
What is the effect of frequent rainfall on the disease intensity of anthracnose and ripe fruit rot?
What is the effect of frequent rainfall on the disease intensity of anthracnose and ripe fruit rot?
What is the purpose of collecting and destroying infected plant parts in the management of anthracnose and ripe fruit rot?
What is the purpose of collecting and destroying infected plant parts in the management of anthracnose and ripe fruit rot?
Which of the following is a bioagent used in the biological control of anthracnose and ripe fruit rot?
Which of the following is a bioagent used in the biological control of anthracnose and ripe fruit rot?
What is the characteristic symptom of leaf decay in Phytophthora capsici infection?
What is the characteristic symptom of leaf decay in Phytophthora capsici infection?
What is the appearance of the mould on decaying fruits in moist conditions?
What is the appearance of the mould on decaying fruits in moist conditions?
What is the region of the plant where waterlogged patches accompanied by a white mass are observed?
What is the region of the plant where waterlogged patches accompanied by a white mass are observed?
What is the role of sporangia in the infection process?
What is the role of sporangia in the infection process?
What is the effect of Phytophthora capsici infection on the fruit?
What is the effect of Phytophthora capsici infection on the fruit?
What is the characteristic symptom of powdery mildew on the upper surface of infected leaves?
What is the characteristic symptom of powdery mildew on the upper surface of infected leaves?
What happens to severely infected leaves?
What happens to severely infected leaves?
What is the effect of powdery mildew on infected fruits?
What is the effect of powdery mildew on infected fruits?
What is the ideal temperature for conidia germination?
What is the ideal temperature for conidia germination?
What is the purpose of using sprinkler irrigation in managing powdery mildew?
What is the purpose of using sprinkler irrigation in managing powdery mildew?
What is the function of cleistothecium in powdery mildew?
What is the function of cleistothecium in powdery mildew?
What is the direction in which the small, circular, yellowish to pinkish spots on the skin of the fruits spread?
What is the direction in which the small, circular, yellowish to pinkish spots on the skin of the fruits spread?
What is the consequence of the infection reaching the pedicel and branch tips?
What is the consequence of the infection reaching the pedicel and branch tips?
What is the characteristic of the affected fruits in the severe stages of the disease?
What is the characteristic of the affected fruits in the severe stages of the disease?
What is the mode of survival of the disease?
What is the mode of survival of the disease?
What is the colour of the affected plant branches in the severe stages of the disease?
What is the colour of the affected plant branches in the severe stages of the disease?
What is the consequence of necrosis of tender twigs?
What is the consequence of necrosis of tender twigs?
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Study Notes
Anthracnose and Ripe Fruit Rot
- Fully mature green and red ripe fruits exhibit symptoms of anthracnose and ripe fruit rot.
- Small, circular, yellowish to pinkish, sunken spots appear on the skin of the fruits, spreading in the direction of the fruit's long axis, and eventually turning brownish to black as the fruit matures.
- Severely infected fruits display a straw or pale white color, lose their pungency, and develop numerous dots in concentric rings, which are actually acervuli.
- The disease causes the crop to produce rusty, discolored seeds covered with a mycelial mat.
- Infected fruits suddenly fall from trees.
Mode of Survival and Spread
- The disease survives on infected fruit and plant debris, such as infected twigs, stems, and fruits.
- The primary spread of infection occurs through infected seeds in external seed-borne plants and crop debris.
- The secondary source of infection is conidia dispersed by wind.
Epidemiology
- The disease thrives in humidity ranging from 92-97% and temperatures between 17-28°C.
- Disease intensity increases with the age of plants.
- Frequent rainfall leading to humid weather and wet periods lasting 12 hours or longer contribute to the spread of the disease.
Management
Cultural Control
- Collect and destroy infected plant parts.
- Use healthy planting material.
- Remove solanaceous weeds and practice clean cultivation.
- Use resistant varieties of chilli, such as Anthracnose, Bengal Green, $20-1, H-4, H-6, Lorai, G3, G4, B61, Surekkh, Chemthor, Hisar Shakti, Hisar Vijay, and TNAU Chilli Hybrid Co 1.
Biological Control
- Use bio agents like P. fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, and T. viride.
- Apply essential oil – Nigella sativa – which has antimicrobial activity.
Chemical Control
- Treat seeds with captan or Thiram fungicide @ 3-4g/kg seeds.
- Spray fungicides, such as Captan @ 1.5%, Mancozeb @ 0.25%, at the time of flowering.
- Use Copper oxychloride @ 0.25%, Thiophanate methyl @ 0.1%, and Propoconazole @ 0.1%.
- Dip fruits in IAA/NAA @ 200mg/lt for 30 minutes or Carbendazim @ 1000mg/ml for 10 minutes.
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