endocrine 3
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Questions and Answers

A patient presents with symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome. Which pituitary hormone is most likely responsible for this condition?

  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (correct)
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

    • Which of the following statements is TRUE about pituitary tumors (adenomas)?

  • They are always metastatic.
  • They always interfere with normal hormone production.
  • They can be classified as secretory or non-secretory. (correct)
  • They only affect women, as they are more prevalent.
  • All of the above

    • What is the primary difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

  • The anterior pituitary produces hormones, while the posterior pituitary only stores and releases them. (correct)
  • The anterior pituitary is controlled by the hypothalamus via neural input, while the posterior pituitary is controlled via the portal vasculature.
  • The anterior pituitary is derived from neural tissue, while the posterior pituitary is derived from ectoderm.
  • The anterior pituitary produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, while the posterior pituitary produces hormones that directly affect target tissues.

    • What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating pituitary hormone secretion?

    <p>The hypothalamus produces inhibiting factors that control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. (B), The hypothalamus produces stimulating factors that control the release of hormones from both the anterior and posterior pituitary. (C), The hypothalamus directly controls the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH) in childhood?

    <p>Dwarfism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of dwarfism related to growth hormone?

    <p>Deficiency of growth hormone before bone growth plates close (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT disrupted in pituitary dwarfism in dogs?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by disproportionate growth?

    <p>Acromegaly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Promotes growth in bones, muscles, and the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with congenital problems in pituitary gland development?

    <p>Pituitary dwarfism in dogs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common clinical manifestations of pituitary dwarfism in dogs?

    <p>Retention of secondary hairs and alopecia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main families of hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Growth hormone family and prolactin family (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates milk production in mammals?

    <p>Prolactin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with high TSH and low T3/T4 levels?

    <p>Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s Thyroidism) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating ovulation in females?

    <p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of anterior pituitary gland dysfunction?

    <p>Disruption of multiple hormonal pathways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone(s) are primarily produced in the gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by low TSH and low T3/T4?

    <p>Hypothyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in males?

    <p>Supporting spermatogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by high T3/T4 and low TSH levels?

    <p>Grave’s Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is primarily associated with the regulation of stress response?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for milk production?

    <p>Prolactin (PRL) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cell type produces Growth Hormone (GH) in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Somatotrope cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) primarily acts on which gland?

    <p>Thyroid Gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Oxytocin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

    <p>Stimulates cortisol production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system allows for rapid communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released in response to stress and stimulates cortisol release?

    <p>Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones plays a role in sperm production?

    <p>Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall role of releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

    <p>Stimulate the synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an inhibitory hormone produced by the hypothalamus?

    <p>Gonadotropin Inhibitory Hormone (GnIH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Promote thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones belongs to the Glycoprotein Family?

    <p>Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can high levels of ACTH indicate in relation to cortisol production?

    <p>Cushing’s syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormone structure does TSH have?

    <p>Two subunits: common alpha and unique beta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Increased metabolism and rapid weight loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TSH when thyroid hormone levels are low?

    <p>It promotes increased thyroid hormone levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the common alpha subunit have in the Glycoprotein Family hormones?

    <p>It is shared among multiple hormones including TSH, FSH, and LH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of a pituitary tumor secreting increased ACTH, what physiological condition may occur?

    <p>Cushing’s syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Prolactin (PRL) in the mammary gland?

    <p>Promotion of mammary gland development and lactogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone suppresses the synthesis and secretion of prolactin in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for the stimulation of growth in bones and cartilage?

    <p>Growth Hormone (GH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to stimulating growth, what effect does Growth Hormone (GH) have on carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Decreases glucose uptake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of prolactin during suckling?

    <p>Stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the nipple (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from excessive secretion of Growth Hormone before the growth plates have fused?

    <p>Gigantism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Growth Hormone affect protein metabolism?

    <p>Facilitates amino acid transport into muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Growth Hormone stimulate in the liver for growth promotion?

    <p>Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone family does Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) belong to?

    <p>POMC Family (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) in prolactin regulation?

    <p>Stimulates prolactin secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major effect of growth hormone on fat metabolism?

    <p>Enhances lipolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to dopamine levels during suckling?

    <p>They decrease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of Growth Hormone disruption after the growth plates have fused?

    <p>Acromegaly with connective tissue growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Prolactin structurally classified?

    <p>Single chain protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anterior Pituitary Hormones

    • Anterior pituitary hormones regulate various bodily functions
    • The hormones regulate the function of the thyroid, adrenal, ovaries/testes, mammary glands, and influence body growth
    • Specific anterior pituitary hormones affect different target glands and tissues:

      • Prolactin (PRL): Milk production in the mammary glands

      • Growth Hormone (GH): Influences bone and muscle growth, as well as liver function

      • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Regulates thyroid gland function

      • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Controls the adrenal cortex

      • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Impacts ovarian follicle development and sperm production

      • Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Influences ovarian follicle ovulation and testosterone secretion

    Hypothalamic Control of Anterior Pituitary Hormones

    • The hypothalamus controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones
    • This is primarily achieved via "Releasing Hormones (RH)" and "Inhibiting Hormones (IH)"
    • These hormones are transported via the hypophyseal portal system directly to the anterior pituitary
    • Specific releasing hormones (PRH, GHRH, TRH, CRH and GnRH) regulate specific anterior pituitary hormone releases

    Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System

    • The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system is essential in hormone function
    • This system directly takes hypothalamic neurohormones to the anterior pituitary
    • It involves two capillary beds connected by portal vessels.
    • This direct route ensures rapid response and prevents excessive dilution of hormones in the general circulation

    Three Families of Anterior Pituitary Hormones

    • Anterior pituitary hormones are categorized into three families based on their structure:
      • Growth Hormone (GH) and Prolactin (PRL) Family
      • POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) Family (includes ACTH)
      • Glycoprotein Family (includes TSH, FSH & LH)

    Prolactin

    • Prolactin (PRL) is a single chain protein produced by lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary

    • It promotes mammary gland development and function, often referred to as lactogenesis or milk production

    • Prolactin secretion is primarily controlled by dopamine from the hypothalamus which inhibits Prolactin secretion

    • Stimulation of prolactin release comes from the hypothalamic releasing peptide (PRH) and the thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) and estrogen from the ovaries

    Growth Hormone (GH)

    • GH is a single chain protein, produced by somatotrope cells in the anterior pituitary
    • It's one of the most abundant pituitary proteins and it influences body growth and metabolism.
    • GH secretion is controlled by hypothalamic GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) and GHIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone - also called Somatostatin)

    ACTH

    • ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex
    • It influences immune, liver, muscle and adipose tissue function
    • Cortisol levels and long-loop negative feedback regulate ACTH secretion

    Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

    • TSH acts on the thyroid gland

    • It's a glycoprotein composed of two subunits and is crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis and release

    • TSH levels are regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus

    Gonadotropins (FSH & LH)

    • FSH and LH are essential for reproduction
    • They impact the development of follicles, sperm production, ovulation, and sex steroid hormone production
    • Secretion is regulated by the hypothalamic GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

    Pituitary Gland Disorders

    • Pituitary gland dysfunctions can lead to various hormonal imbalances;

    • Hyper- and hypothyroidism( disfunction in TSH and Thyroid hormones)

    • Cushing's disease (high ACTH / Cortisol)

    • Secondary Addison's Disease ( low ACTH/ Cortisol/ Aldosterone)

    • Acromegaly/Dwarfism (Disruption of GH)

    • Infertility/ Delayed onset of puberty(Disruption of FSH & LH & sex steroid hormones)

    • Isolated defects in single hormones may occur as can deficiencies in several hormones.

    • Causes include traumatic injury, pituitary tumours and hypothalamus connection damage.

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    Anterior Pituitary Hormones PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the functions and roles of anterior pituitary hormones and their regulatory mechanisms by the hypothalamus. Each hormone's impact on various glands, such as the thyroid and adrenal glands, will also be discussed. Test your knowledge on the complexities of these essential hormones!

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