ANPS20 Exam Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following would increase cardiac output? (Select all that apply)

  • Decreased calcium during contraction
  • High blood pressure
  • Epinephrine (correct)
  • Parasympathetic stimulation
  • Increasing end-diastolic and end-systolic volume will increase stroke volume.

    False

    What best describes afterload?

    Afterload refers to the back pressure exerted by arterial blood.

    Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________.

    <p>Causing more rapid depolarization of pacemaker cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for stroke volume?

    <p>EDV - ESV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulse pressure is ________.

    <p>The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pressure is responsible for reabsorption and for pulling fluids into the venous end of capillaries?

    <p>Osmotic pressure in capillary (OPc).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would NOT move by diffusion across a capillary endothelium?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important that blood pressure drop to lower levels as it reaches the capillary beds?

    <p>Because capillaries are fragile and extremely permeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A muscle that is being regularly contracted during exercise will attract blood flow by dilating arterioles. Which of these factors would contribute to the effect?

    <p>Increased levels of carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

    <p>170/96</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________.

    <p>Decreased size of the heart muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

    <p>Changes in arterial pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiac Output and Its Influencers

    • Cardiac output can be increased by stimulating epinephrine release, which elevates heart rate and contractility.
    • High blood pressure and decreased calcium during contraction do not contribute positively to increased cardiac output.

    Stroke Volume and Volume Relationships

    • End-diastolic volume (EDV) increases stroke volume (SV), while increased end-systolic volume (ESV) decreases it.
    • The stroke volume can be calculated using the formula: SV = EDV - ESV.

    Afterload Explained

    • Afterload represents the back pressure from arterial blood that ventricles must overcome to eject blood.
    • It indicates the tension needed to open the aortic valve.

    Norepinephrine's Role

    • Norepinephrine enhances heart function by accelerating the depolarization of pacemaker cells.
    • It does not block calcium action or reduce stroke volume or contractility.

    Pulse Pressure Definition

    • Pulse pressure is defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

    Fluid Dynamics in Capillaries

    • Osmotic pressure in capillaries (OPc) is critical for reabsorbing fluids into the bloodstream, particularly at the venous end.
    • High dissolved material concentration in the blood attracts water, facilitating fluid movement.

    Diffusion Limitations Across Capillaries

    • Proteins cannot diffuse through capillary endothelium due to their size and typically exit via active transport mechanisms.
    • Lipid-soluble substances, carbon dioxide, and oxygen can diffuse freely.

    Capillary Pressure Significance

    • Low pressure in capillaries prevents damage since they are delicate structures.
    • Lower pressure still facilitates the movement of solute-containing fluids into interstitial spaces due to permeability.

    Factors Affecting Muscle Blood Flow

    • Increased carbon dioxide levels promote arteriolar dilation, enhancing blood flow to muscles during exercise.

    Hypertension Indicators

    • A blood pressure reading of 170/96 mm Hg signifies hypertension, in contrast to normal readings like 120/80 or 110/60.

    Effects of Essential Hypertension

    • Essential hypertension, with pressures of 200/120 mm Hg, leads to increased heart muscle size rather than a decrease.

    Baroreceptor Sensitivity

    • Baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch respond to changes in arterial pressure, influencing cardiovascular regulation.

    Atherosclerosis and Aortic Pressure

    • Rising aortic pressure due to atherosclerosis requires more ventricular pressure to open the aortic valve, highlighting increased workload on the heart.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cardiovascular physiology and the factors that influence cardiac output. This quiz includes questions on hormonal effects and neural stimulation related to heart function. Perfect for students preparing for the ANPS20 exam.

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