70 Questions
Which type of measurement involves observing and recording some aspect of a participant's behavior?
Behavioral
What is the term for the way a construct is measured in a particular study?
Operational definition
What is the term for the type of validity that asks if the results of a study can be generalized to other populations or situations?
External validity
What is the measure of central tendency that represents the balancing point of a distribution?
Mean
What is the difference between an individual score and the mean called?
Deviation
What is the measure of spread that is the square root of the variance?
Standard deviation
Which type of construct validity relates to other measures of the same construct?
Convergent validity
What is a manipulation check?
A way to check if the independent variable is working as intended
What is test-retest reliability?
The consistency of a measure over time
Which of the following is a reason for using degrees of freedom (N-1) in independent measures design?
To estimate variability in the population
What is the purpose of ANOVA?
To compare the means of two groups in a between-subjects design
Why would not doing the degrees of freedom adjustment cause an underestimate of variability in the population?
Because only n-1 sample deviations supply information for estimating variability
Which of the following is a problem associated with multiple comparisons?
P-hacking
Which of the following is a potential issue with the internal validity of a study?
Third variable problem
What is the goal of data analysis according to the text?
Determining how well the data support the hypothesis
What is the difference between a biased sample and a representative sample?
A biased sample differs in important characteristics from the population, while a representative sample closely mirrors or resembles the population
What is the purpose of preregistration in research?
To prevent HARKing
Which of the following is an example of nonprobability sampling?
Convenience sampling
What is the impact of sampling method on external validity?
It can threaten external validity
What is a hypothesis test?
A statistical method that uses sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population
What is the null hypothesis?
In the population there is no change, no difference, or no relationship
What is the p-value?
A way of describing how extreme a score is in a distribution
What is the directional problem in experiments?
When two variables are related, it is unclear which variable affects (causes a change in) the other
Which of the following best describes the sampling error?
The difference between the sample statistic and the true population parameter
What is the Law of Large Numbers?
The larger the sample, the more representative it is of the population, and so the less sampling error we expect
What is the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)?
The mean of all sample means is equal to the population mean
What is a Z-score?
A representation of a score's deviation from a mean in terms of standard deviations
Which of the following is a confound in a study?
An extraneous variable that is correlated with levels of the IV
What is the purpose of randomization in controlling confounds?
To use a random assignment process to avoid a systematic relationship between the potential confound and the conditions of the study
What is the difference between a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design?
A between-subjects design is when each participant does only one condition of a study, while a within-subjects design is when each participant does all conditions of a study
What is the purpose of a one-sample t-test?
To compare the mean of one sample to the mean of a population
What is ANOVA?
A statistical test used to compare the means of three or more groups
What is the null hypothesis in ANOVA?
All means are equal
What is the difference between one-way ANOVA and one-way repeated measures ANOVA?
One-way ANOVA has one factor with three or more levels and participants are in only one of the conditions while one-way repeated measures ANOVA has one factor with three or more levels and participants are in all of the conditions
What is the difference between main effects and interactions in factorial designs?
Main effects are the effect of one factor on average across all levels of the other factor(s) while interactions are the effect of one factor within a level of another factor
What is the purpose of a manipulation check?
To confirm the effectiveness of an experimental manipulation
Which type of construct validity relates to other measures of the same construct?
Convergent validity
What is the term for the consistency of a measure?
Reliability
Which of the following measures of central tendency is most appropriate for a positively skewed distribution?
Median
Which of the following is an example of a nominal variable?
Gender
What is the purpose of an estimator in statistics?
To generate an estimate of a population parameter
What is construct validity?
The extent to which a study measures what it is intended to measure
What is an operational definition?
The way you choose to measure a construct in a particular study
What is statistical validity?
How well the data supports the study's claim
Which of the following is a problem associated with multiple comparisons?
Alpha escalation
What is the goal of data analysis in research?
Determining how well the data support the hypothesis
What is the purpose of preregistration in research?
Documenting decisions in advance and posting to public repositories with time stamp
Which of the following is the purpose of using degrees of freedom (N-1) in a between-subjects design?
To estimate variability in the population
What is the purpose of ANOVA in a between-subjects design?
To compare the means of two groups
What is the reason for using n-1 deviations from the sample mean to estimate variability in the population in a between-subjects design?
Only n-1 are free to vary because of the restriction that the sum of all deviations must equal to zero
Which of the following is true about a null hypothesis in hypothesis testing?
It assumes there is no change, difference, or relationship in the population
What is the purpose of a critical value in hypothesis testing?
To define the boundaries of the critical region
Which of the following is a true statement about a p-value?
It describes how extreme a score is in a distribution
What is the difference between a z-test and a t-test in hypothesis testing?
A z-test compares sample mean to population mean (sigma known), while a t-test compares 2 means or comparing sample mean to population mean (sigma unknown)
What is the purpose of ANOVA?
To compare means between three or more groups
What is the difference between main effects and interactions in factorial designs?
Main effects refer to the effect of one factor on average across all levels of the other factor(s), while interactions refer to the effect of one factor within a level of another factor
What is the difference between covariance and variance?
Covariance is the sum of products over df, while variance is the mean squared deviation
What is the difference between confirmatory and exploratory research?
Confirmatory research involves a priori hypotheses, while exploratory research involves post hoc hypotheses
What is the difference between probability sampling and nonprobability sampling?
Probability sampling involves randomly selecting members of a population while nonprobability sampling does not involve random selection
What is the difference between simple random sampling and systematic sampling?
Simple random sampling involves selecting members of a population based on a specific characteristic while systematic sampling involves randomly selecting a starting point and choosing every nth member
What is the difference between a biased sample and a representative sample?
A biased sample is a sample that differs in important characteristics from the population while a representative sample is a sample that closely mirrors or resembles the population
What is the difference between quota sampling and snowball sampling?
Quota sampling involves identifying pre-existing subgroups, recruiting a specific number of participants from each group, while snowball sampling involves asking participants to help recruit more participants by asking people they know to also participate
What is the difference between sample distribution and sampling distribution?
Sample distribution is the distribution of observed scores measured from one sample of observed individuals, while sampling distribution is the distribution of all possible scores from all possible individuals in the population.
What is the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)?
A theorem that states the distribution of sample means is roughly normal when the sample size is large, even if the population is highly non-normal.
What is the purpose of using Z scores?
All of the above.
What is the difference between population distribution and sampling distribution?
Population distribution is the distribution of all possible scores from all possible individuals in the population, while sampling distribution is the distribution of all possible values of a sample statistic measured from all possible samples of size n.
What is a confound in a study?
An extraneous variable that is correlated with levels of the IV and can provide an alternative explanation of the results
What is the purpose of randomization in controlling confounds?
To avoid a systematic relationship between the potential confound and the conditions of the study so that differences are due only to chance
What is the difference between a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design?
A between-subjects design involves each participant doing only one condition of a study, while a within-subjects design involves each participant doing all conditions of a study
What is the purpose of a one-sample t-test?
To compare the mean of one sample to the mean of a population
Test your knowledge of ANOVA with this quiz! Learn about the analysis of variance and its application in determining differences between groups. Challenge yourself with questions on the test statistic for ANOVA, hypotheses, and more.
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