ANOVA Quiz

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Which type of measurement involves observing and recording some aspect of a participant's behavior?

Construct validity
Physiological
Self report
Behavioral (correct)

What is the term for the way a construct is measured in a particular study?

Operational definition (correct)
Construct validity
External validity
Internal validity

What is the term for the type of validity that asks if the results of a study can be generalized to other populations or situations?

Statistical validity
Internal validity
External validity (correct)
Construct validity

What is the measure of central tendency that represents the balancing point of a distribution?

Mean (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an individual score and the mean called?

Deviation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of spread that is the square root of the variance?

Standard deviation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of construct validity relates to other measures of the same construct?

Convergent validity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a manipulation check?

A way to check if the independent variable is working as intended (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is test-retest reliability?

The consistency of a measure over time (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason for using degrees of freedom (N-1) in independent measures design?

To estimate variability in the population (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ANOVA?

To compare the means of two groups in a between-subjects design (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why would not doing the degrees of freedom adjustment cause an underestimate of variability in the population?

Because only n-1 sample deviations supply information for estimating variability (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a problem associated with multiple comparisons?

P-hacking (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential issue with the internal validity of a study?

Third variable problem (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of data analysis according to the text?

Determining how well the data support the hypothesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a biased sample and a representative sample?

A biased sample differs in important characteristics from the population, while a representative sample closely mirrors or resembles the population (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of preregistration in research?

To prevent HARKing (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of nonprobability sampling?

Convenience sampling (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of sampling method on external validity?

It can threaten external validity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis test?

A statistical method that uses sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the null hypothesis?

In the population there is no change, no difference, or no relationship (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the p-value?

A way of describing how extreme a score is in a distribution (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the directional problem in experiments?

When two variables are related, it is unclear which variable affects (causes a change in) the other (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the sampling error?

The difference between the sample statistic and the true population parameter (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Large Numbers?

The larger the sample, the more representative it is of the population, and so the less sampling error we expect (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)?

The mean of all sample means is equal to the population mean (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a Z-score?

A representation of a score's deviation from a mean in terms of standard deviations (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a confound in a study?

An extraneous variable that is correlated with levels of the IV (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of randomization in controlling confounds?

To use a random assignment process to avoid a systematic relationship between the potential confound and the conditions of the study (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design?

A between-subjects design is when each participant does only one condition of a study, while a within-subjects design is when each participant does all conditions of a study (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a one-sample t-test?

To compare the mean of one sample to the mean of a population (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is ANOVA?

A statistical test used to compare the means of three or more groups (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the null hypothesis in ANOVA?

All means are equal (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between one-way ANOVA and one-way repeated measures ANOVA?

One-way ANOVA has one factor with three or more levels and participants are in only one of the conditions while one-way repeated measures ANOVA has one factor with three or more levels and participants are in all of the conditions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between main effects and interactions in factorial designs?

Main effects are the effect of one factor on average across all levels of the other factor(s) while interactions are the effect of one factor within a level of another factor (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a manipulation check?

To confirm the effectiveness of an experimental manipulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of construct validity relates to other measures of the same construct?

Convergent validity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the consistency of a measure?

Reliability (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures of central tendency is most appropriate for a positively skewed distribution?

Median (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a nominal variable?

Gender (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an estimator in statistics?

To generate an estimate of a population parameter (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is construct validity?

The extent to which a study measures what it is intended to measure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an operational definition?

The way you choose to measure a construct in a particular study (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is statistical validity?

How well the data supports the study's claim (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a problem associated with multiple comparisons?

Alpha escalation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of data analysis in research?

Determining how well the data support the hypothesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of preregistration in research?

Documenting decisions in advance and posting to public repositories with time stamp (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the purpose of using degrees of freedom (N-1) in a between-subjects design?

To estimate variability in the population (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ANOVA in a between-subjects design?

To compare the means of two groups (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for using n-1 deviations from the sample mean to estimate variability in the population in a between-subjects design?

Only n-1 are free to vary because of the restriction that the sum of all deviations must equal to zero (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about a null hypothesis in hypothesis testing?

It assumes there is no change, difference, or relationship in the population (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a critical value in hypothesis testing?

To define the boundaries of the critical region (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about a p-value?

It describes how extreme a score is in a distribution (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a z-test and a t-test in hypothesis testing?

A z-test compares sample mean to population mean (sigma known), while a t-test compares 2 means or comparing sample mean to population mean (sigma unknown) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ANOVA?

To compare means between three or more groups (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between main effects and interactions in factorial designs?

Main effects refer to the effect of one factor on average across all levels of the other factor(s), while interactions refer to the effect of one factor within a level of another factor (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between covariance and variance?

Covariance is the sum of products over df, while variance is the mean squared deviation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between confirmatory and exploratory research?

Confirmatory research involves a priori hypotheses, while exploratory research involves post hoc hypotheses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between probability sampling and nonprobability sampling?

Probability sampling involves randomly selecting members of a population while nonprobability sampling does not involve random selection (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between simple random sampling and systematic sampling?

Simple random sampling involves selecting members of a population based on a specific characteristic while systematic sampling involves randomly selecting a starting point and choosing every nth member (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a biased sample and a representative sample?

A biased sample is a sample that differs in important characteristics from the population while a representative sample is a sample that closely mirrors or resembles the population (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between quota sampling and snowball sampling?

Quota sampling involves identifying pre-existing subgroups, recruiting a specific number of participants from each group, while snowball sampling involves asking participants to help recruit more participants by asking people they know to also participate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sample distribution and sampling distribution?

Sample distribution is the distribution of observed scores measured from one sample of observed individuals, while sampling distribution is the distribution of all possible scores from all possible individuals in the population. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)?

A theorem that states the distribution of sample means is roughly normal when the sample size is large, even if the population is highly non-normal. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Z scores?

All of the above. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between population distribution and sampling distribution?

Population distribution is the distribution of all possible scores from all possible individuals in the population, while sampling distribution is the distribution of all possible values of a sample statistic measured from all possible samples of size n. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a confound in a study?

An extraneous variable that is correlated with levels of the IV and can provide an alternative explanation of the results (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of randomization in controlling confounds?

To avoid a systematic relationship between the potential confound and the conditions of the study so that differences are due only to chance (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design?

A between-subjects design involves each participant doing only one condition of a study, while a within-subjects design involves each participant doing all conditions of a study (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a one-sample t-test?

To compare the mean of one sample to the mean of a population (C) Signup and view all the answers

ANOVA Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of measurement involves observing and recording some aspect of a participant's behavior?

What is the term for the way a construct is measured in a particular study?

What is the term for the type of validity that asks if the results of a study can be generalized to other populations or situations?

What is the measure of central tendency that represents the balancing point of a distribution?

What is the difference between an individual score and the mean called?

What is the measure of spread that is the square root of the variance?

Which type of construct validity relates to other measures of the same construct?

What is a manipulation check?

What is test-retest reliability?

Which of the following is a reason for using degrees of freedom (N-1) in independent measures design?

What is the purpose of ANOVA?

Why would not doing the degrees of freedom adjustment cause an underestimate of variability in the population?

Which of the following is a problem associated with multiple comparisons?

Which of the following is a potential issue with the internal validity of a study?

What is the goal of data analysis according to the text?

What is the difference between a biased sample and a representative sample?

What is the purpose of preregistration in research?

Which of the following is an example of nonprobability sampling?

What is the impact of sampling method on external validity?

What is a hypothesis test?

What is the null hypothesis?

What is the p-value?

What is the directional problem in experiments?

Which of the following best describes the sampling error?

What is the Law of Large Numbers?

What is the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)?

What is a Z-score?

Which of the following is a confound in a study?

What is the purpose of randomization in controlling confounds?

What is the difference between a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design?

What is the purpose of a one-sample t-test?

What is ANOVA?

What is the null hypothesis in ANOVA?

What is the difference between one-way ANOVA and one-way repeated measures ANOVA?

What is the difference between main effects and interactions in factorial designs?

What is the purpose of a manipulation check?

Which type of construct validity relates to other measures of the same construct?

What is the term for the consistency of a measure?

Which of the following measures of central tendency is most appropriate for a positively skewed distribution?

Which of the following is an example of a nominal variable?

What is the purpose of an estimator in statistics?

What is construct validity?

What is an operational definition?

What is statistical validity?

Which of the following is a problem associated with multiple comparisons?

What is the goal of data analysis in research?

What is the purpose of preregistration in research?

Which of the following is the purpose of using degrees of freedom (N-1) in a between-subjects design?

What is the purpose of ANOVA in a between-subjects design?

What is the reason for using n-1 deviations from the sample mean to estimate variability in the population in a between-subjects design?

Which of the following is true about a null hypothesis in hypothesis testing?

What is the purpose of a critical value in hypothesis testing?

Which of the following is a true statement about a p-value?

What is the difference between a z-test and a t-test in hypothesis testing?

What is the purpose of ANOVA?

What is the difference between main effects and interactions in factorial designs?

What is the difference between covariance and variance?

What is the difference between confirmatory and exploratory research?

What is the difference between probability sampling and nonprobability sampling?

What is the difference between simple random sampling and systematic sampling?

What is the difference between a biased sample and a representative sample?

What is the difference between quota sampling and snowball sampling?

What is the difference between sample distribution and sampling distribution?

What is the Central Limit Theorem (CLT)?

What is the purpose of using Z scores?

What is the difference between population distribution and sampling distribution?

What is a confound in a study?

What is the purpose of randomization in controlling confounds?

What is the difference between a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design?

What is the purpose of a one-sample t-test?

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