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Questions and Answers
What percentage of all infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases?
How many species of mosquitoes are there?
What is the highest altitude that Anopheles sp. mosquitoes can be found?
How many genera of mosquitoes are there?
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What is the taxonomic classification of mosquitoes?
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What is the name of the subfamily that Anopheles mosquitoes belong to?
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How many deaths are caused by vector-borne diseases annually?
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What is the name of the organization that provided the statistics on vector-borne diseases?
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What is the typical breeding habitat for Anopheles mosquitoes?
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How far can An.maculatus fly from its breeding site?
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What is one of the important factors in the epidemiology of malaria?
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What is the typical result of malaria infection?
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How do people usually get malaria?
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What is the name of the type of malaria that naturally infects macaques in Southeast Asia?
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What is a common symptom of malaria?
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What is a possible consequence of malaria infection?
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What is the phylum of mosquitoes?
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What is the characteristic of the proboscis of mosquitoes?
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How do Anopheles mosquitoes lay their eggs?
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What is the purpose of the spiracles in mosquito larvae?
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What is the habitat of Anopheles mosquito larvae?
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What is the characteristic of Mansonia mosquito pupae?
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What is the duration of the pupa stage in mosquitoes?
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What is the characteristic of male mosquito antennae?
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Which of the following Anopheles species is NOT a zoonotic simian malaria vector in Malaysia?
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What is the primary function of merozoites in the erythrocytic cycle?
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What is the term for the dormant stage of certain Plasmodium species that can persist in the liver?
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Which Anopheles species is not a human malaria vector in Malaysia?
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What is the byproduct of parasite metabolism in red blood cells?
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What is the term for the stage of the parasite that infects liver parenchymal cells?
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Which of the following Anopheles species is a zoonotic simian malaria vector in Malaysia?
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What is the term for the stage of the parasite that undergoes asexual multiplication in red blood cells?
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What is the genus of mosquitoes that transmits Brugia timori in Timor Islands, Indonesia?
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What is the stage of filarial larvae introduced into the human host during a blood meal?
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Where do the adult worms commonly reside in the human body?
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What is the characteristic of the microfilariae?
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What happens to the microfilariae after ingestion by a mosquito?
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What is the genus of mosquitoes that transmits O'nyong-nyong virus?
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What is the site where the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae in the mosquito?
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Where do the third-stage infective larvae migrate to in the mosquito?
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Study Notes
Vector-Borne Diseases
- Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 700,000 deaths annually (WHO 2020).
- Mosquito-borne diseases are spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Taxonomical Classification of Mosquitoes
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Diptera
- Superfamily: Culicoidea
- Family: Culicidae
- Subfamilies: Anophelinae and Culicinae
Distribution of Anopheles sp. Mosquitoes
- Worldwide distribution, except Antarctica
- Can live up to 5,500 m and in a mine 1,250 m below sea level
Mosquito Characteristics
- Proboscis can be easily seen – projected forward
- Scales on the thorax, abdomen, appendages, and wing veins
- Rows of scales along the posterior of the wing edge
- Female mosquitoes have less-feathery antennae
- Male mosquitoes have feathery antennae
Life Cycle of Mosquitoes
- Eggs: Laid singly on the water surface (Anopheles), singly on moist surfaces (Aedes), or in grouping like a raft on the water surface (Culex)
- Larvae: Aquatic, filter feeders; have a pair of spiracles (Anopheles) or a siphon (Aedes and Culex)
- Pupa (plural: pupae): Aquatic, no food, requires oxygen for breathing; stays 2-3 days
- Adult: Emerges from pupa
Habitat of Larvae
- Swamps, rice fields, small ponds, drains, banana tree slots, bamboo holes, coconut shells, brackish water, etc.
Medical Importance of Anopheles
- Malaria
- Filariasis
- Arbovirus (e.g., O'nyong-nyong virus)
Malaria
- Four kinds of malaria parasites infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae
- Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito
- Symptoms: fever, flu-like illness, anemia, and jaundice
Filariasis
- Caused by at least three species of nematode parasites: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori
- Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected mosquito (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, and Coquillettida juxtamansonia)
- Adults reside in lymphatics, producing microfilariae that migrate into lymph and blood channels
Arbovirus (O'nyong-Nyong Virus)
- Derived from the description by the Acholi tribe, meaning 'joint breaker'
- Transmission cycle involves Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes
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Description
Quiz on Anopheles mosquitoes, their characteristics, and role as disease vectors. Covers distinguishing features from other genera and biological characteristics.
