K11 ANOPHELINE AS DISEASE VECTORS
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of all infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases?

  • 10%
  • 17% (correct)
  • 20%
  • 15%

    • How many species of mosquitoes are there?

  • 3400 (correct)
  • 2000
  • 3000
  • 2500

    • What is the highest altitude that Anopheles sp. mosquitoes can be found?

  • 5000 m
  • 5500 m (correct)
  • 4000 m
  • 3000 m

    • How many genera of mosquitoes are there?

    <p>42</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the taxonomic classification of mosquitoes?

    <p>Eukaryote &gt; Animalia &gt; Arthropoda &gt; Insecta &gt; Diptera &gt; Culicidae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the subfamily that Anopheles mosquitoes belong to?

    <p>Anophelinae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many deaths are caused by vector-borne diseases annually?

    <p>700 000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the organization that provided the statistics on vector-borne diseases?

    <p>WHO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical breeding habitat for Anopheles mosquitoes?

    <p>Calm waters or very little movement of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far can An.maculatus fly from its breeding site?

    <p>Approximately 1.2 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the important factors in the epidemiology of malaria?

    <p>The age of the vector in nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical result of malaria infection?

    <p>Decreased red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people usually get malaria?

    <p>Through being bitten by an infective female Anopheles mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of malaria that naturally infects macaques in Southeast Asia?

    <p>P.knowlesi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of malaria?

    <p>Shaking chills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of malaria infection?

    <p>Jaundice (yellow coloring of the skin and eyes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phylum of mosquitoes?

    <p>Arthropoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the proboscis of mosquitoes?

    <p>It is projected forward and can be easily seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Anopheles mosquitoes lay their eggs?

    <p>Singly on the water surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the spiracles in mosquito larvae?

    <p>To breathe oxygen from the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of Anopheles mosquito larvae?

    <p>Aquatic, filter feeders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Mansonia mosquito pupae?

    <p>They have a respiratory trumpet to penetrate plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the pupa stage in mosquitoes?

    <p>2-3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of male mosquito antennae?

    <p>They are feathery and have a short proboscis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Anopheles species is NOT a zoonotic simian malaria vector in Malaysia?

    <p>Anopheles sundaicus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of merozoites in the erythrocytic cycle?

    <p>Infecting red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dormant stage of certain Plasmodium species that can persist in the liver?

    <p>Hypnozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Anopheles species is not a human malaria vector in Malaysia?

    <p>Anopheles hackeri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of parasite metabolism in red blood cells?

    <p>Haemozoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of the parasite that infects liver parenchymal cells?

    <p>Sporozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Anopheles species is a zoonotic simian malaria vector in Malaysia?

    <p>Anopheles introlatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of the parasite that undergoes asexual multiplication in red blood cells?

    <p>Erythrocytic schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genus of mosquitoes that transmits Brugia timori in Timor Islands, Indonesia?

    <p>Anopheles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of filarial larvae introduced into the human host during a blood meal?

    <p>Third-stage larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the adult worms commonly reside in the human body?

    <p>Lymphatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the microfilariae?

    <p>Sheathed and nocturnal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the microfilariae after ingestion by a mosquito?

    <p>They lose their sheaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genus of mosquitoes that transmits O'nyong-nyong virus?

    <p>Anopheles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site where the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae in the mosquito?

    <p>Thoracic muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the third-stage infective larvae migrate to in the mosquito?

    <p>Proboscis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vector-Borne Diseases

    • Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 700,000 deaths annually (WHO 2020).
    • Mosquito-borne diseases are spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.

    Taxonomical Classification of Mosquitoes

    • Kingdom: Animalia
    • Phylum: Arthropoda
    • Class: Insecta
    • Order: Diptera
    • Superfamily: Culicoidea
    • Family: Culicidae
    • Subfamilies: Anophelinae and Culicinae

    Distribution of Anopheles sp. Mosquitoes

    • Worldwide distribution, except Antarctica
    • Can live up to 5,500 m and in a mine 1,250 m below sea level

    Mosquito Characteristics

    • Proboscis can be easily seen – projected forward
    • Scales on the thorax, abdomen, appendages, and wing veins
    • Rows of scales along the posterior of the wing edge
    • Female mosquitoes have less-feathery antennae
    • Male mosquitoes have feathery antennae

    Life Cycle of Mosquitoes

    • Eggs: Laid singly on the water surface (Anopheles), singly on moist surfaces (Aedes), or in grouping like a raft on the water surface (Culex)
    • Larvae: Aquatic, filter feeders; have a pair of spiracles (Anopheles) or a siphon (Aedes and Culex)
    • Pupa (plural: pupae): Aquatic, no food, requires oxygen for breathing; stays 2-3 days
    • Adult: Emerges from pupa

    Habitat of Larvae

    • Swamps, rice fields, small ponds, drains, banana tree slots, bamboo holes, coconut shells, brackish water, etc.

    Medical Importance of Anopheles

    • Malaria
    • Filariasis
    • Arbovirus (e.g., O'nyong-nyong virus)

    Malaria

    • Four kinds of malaria parasites infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae
    • Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito
    • Symptoms: fever, flu-like illness, anemia, and jaundice

    Filariasis

    • Caused by at least three species of nematode parasites: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori
    • Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected mosquito (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, and Coquillettida juxtamansonia)
    • Adults reside in lymphatics, producing microfilariae that migrate into lymph and blood channels

    Arbovirus (O'nyong-Nyong Virus)

    • Derived from the description by the Acholi tribe, meaning 'joint breaker'
    • Transmission cycle involves Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes

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    Description

    Quiz on Anopheles mosquitoes, their characteristics, and role as disease vectors. Covers distinguishing features from other genera and biological characteristics.

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