Study guide Rad II midterm
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of using a full lead apron and thyroid shield during ankle mortise imaging?

To protect the patient from radiation exposure

what is the recommended method to open up the joint spaces for the 1st and 2nd digits?

Rotate the foot medially 30 degrees

What is the positioning for obtaining a view of digits 1-2 imaging?

Rotate the foot medially 30 degrees

How should the unaffected toes be managed when obtaining a mediolateral view of digits 3-5 ?

<p>Use tape to pull back unaffected toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended angle of the central ray for the lateral view of the foot?

<p>10-15 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a wedge filter recommended for the lateral view of the foot?

<p>To improve image quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What position should the patient be in for the Lewis Method?

<p>Prone position</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the patient's foot be positioned for the Holly Method?

<p>Adjusted to 75 degrees with the plane of the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the CR level for the foot in the prone position?

<p>Level of the base of 3rd metatarsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the radiograph for the Lewis Method?

<p>Metatarsals nearly superimposed, fibula overlapping posterior portion of tibia, tibiotalar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the patient do for the Holly Method?

<p>Hold toes in flexed position with a strip of gauze</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what position should the patient be for the Sesamoids method?

<p>Supine or seated with leg fully extended</p> Signup and view all the answers

What position is the patient in for the lateral view of the ankle?

<p>The patient is lying on their side with the affected side up, knee flexed, and foot dorsiflexed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the dorsoplantar projection, where does the central ray (CR) enter the foot and at what angle?

<p>The CR enters at the base of the 3rd metatarsal at a 40 degree cephalic angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the AP Eversion Stress view of the ankle?

<p>The purpose is to verify the presence of a ligamentous tear, as a rupture of the ligament would show a widening of the joint space on the side of the injury when the foot is forcibly turned toward the opposite side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structure seen in the lateral view of the ankle?

<p>The tibiotalar joint and the fibula over the posterior half of the tibia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient position and CR angle for the AP Inversion Stress view of the ankle?

<p>The patient is standing, the leg is internally rotated 15-20 degrees, and the CR enters mid-ankle between the malleoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the AP Neutral view of the ankle?

<p>The purpose is to obtain a standard anteroposterior view of the ankle joint to assess for any abnormalities or injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three divisions of the foot?

<p>Forefoot, Midfoot, Hindfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the longitudinal arch of the foot?

<p>Shock absorber, weight bearing, permits smooth walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint?

<p>Flex ankle joint; pointing foot upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 5th metatarsal in the foot?

<p>Contains a prominent tuberosity prone to fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of joints present between the phalanges?

<p>Interphalangeal (IP) Joint, Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint, Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the names of the three cuneiform bones in the foot?

<p>Medial Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform, Lateral Cuneiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major components of the ankle joint?

<p>Tibia, Fibula, Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient position for the Axial Patella - Settegast Method?

<p>Patient has knees bent with feet on the edge of the table</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much should the knee be flexed for the PA Axial Projection (Holmblad Method - Position 2)?

<p>Flex the knee 70 degrees from full extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the Axial Patella - Settegast Method?

<p>Patellofemoral joint space</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the CR be directed for the PA Axial Projection (Holmblad Method - Position 3)?

<p>CR perpendicular and entering through the patellar apex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient position for the Intercondylar Fossa View or Tunnel View?

<p>Patient standing with knee flexed and resting on a stool</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended CR angle for the Axial Patella - Settegast Method?

<p>15-20 degrees with the tib/fib</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended patient position for obtaining a mediolateral view of the tibia and fibula?

<p>Supine or sitting on table</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the femoral condyles be aligned for an AP Knee view?

<p>Parallel to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

What patient position and CR angle are recommended for the AP Eversion Stress view of the ankle?

<p>Prone position with 15-20° cephalad angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the proximal fibula is not clearly visible in the AP Oblique Tib/Fib projection?

<p>Take an additional Lateral Knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures should be moderately overlapped in the mediolateral tibia/fibula view?

<p>Proximal and distal tib/fib articulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

When would an increase in Source-to-Image Distance (SID) be necessary for obtaining a specific view?

<p>To include the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended angle for the central ray in the Axial Patella – Hughston Method?

<p>45 degrees cephalic</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the patient's knees be positioned for the Axial Patella – Merchant Method?

<p>Elevated 2 inches to place femoral parallel with the tabletop</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative name for the Bilateral Tangential Patellae view?

<p>Axial Patella – Merchant Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which position should the patient be for the Axial Patella – Hughston Method?

<p>Prone with foot resting on table</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Axial Patella – Merchant Method?

<p>To provide good visualization of a vertical fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the Axial Patella – Hughston Method?

<p>Bilateral patellae in profile, femoral condyles, and intercondylar sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the adductor tubercle in the distal femur?

<p>Receives the tendon of the adductor muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many main ligaments hold the knee joint together?

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the collateral ligaments in the knee joint?

<p>Restricts adduction &amp; abduction movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the menisci in the knee joint?

<p>Acts as shock absorbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended imaging receptor (IR) size for the knee & patella?

<p>10 x 12</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the largest joint space in the body?

<p>Knee Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient position and CR angle for the PA Projection of Patella?

<p>Patient prone; CR perpendicular to the mid-popliteal area exiting the patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the Mediolateral Projection of Patella?

<p>Lateral projection of the patella; Open patellofemoral joint space; Patella in profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the situation where a knee radiograph is labeled as a medial oblique and the image reveals that the proximal tibia and fibula are superimposed, is this a true medial oblique knee radiograph?

<p>No, on a medial oblique knee x-ray, the tibiofibular articulation should be visualized</p> Signup and view all the answers

What single projection of the basic knee series will best demonstrate Osgood-Schlatter’s disease?

<p>The lateral view of the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended degree of rotation of the heel for the PA Projection of Patella?

<p>5-10 degrees laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Prone Flexion Tangential view?

<p>To show subluxation of the patella and patellar fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fibula in relation to the ankle joint?

<p>The fibula provides lateral stability to the ankle joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the location and function of the lateral malleolus.

<p>The lateral malleolus is located at the distal end of the fibula and provides support to the lateral aspect of the ankle joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the fibular notch and the distal fibula?

<p>The fibular notch is a flattened, triangular-shaped area on the tibia that articulates with the distal fibula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fibula in relation to the knee joint?

<p>The fibula does not directly contribute to the knee joint but provides stability and support for the lower leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the proximal fibula contribute to the formation of the knee joint?

<p>The proximal fibula forms a small portion of the lateral wall of the knee joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the fibula in relation to the tibia?

<p>The fibula runs parallel to the tibia and provides additional support, particularly in weight-bearing activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the specific criteria to ensure the proximal and distal tibiofibular articulations are seen in the Medial Rotation Tib/Fib projection?

<p>Proximal &amp; distal tibiofibular articulations, Maximum space between the tibia and fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the proximal fibula is not clearly visible in the AP Oblique Tib/Fib projection?

<p>Increase SID to 48-inches to include the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Lateral Rotation Tib/Fib projection, what is the specific position of the fibula in relation to the tibia?

<p>Fibula superimposed by the lateral portion of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the AP Oblique Tib/Fib Projections?

<p>Medial Rotation: Proximal &amp; distal tibiofibular articulations. Lateral Rotation: Fibula superimposed by the lateral portion of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient position and CR angle for the AP Axial Inlet Projection Pelvis (Bridgeman Method)?

<p>Patient in supine position, CR angled 40° caudal enters at midline at the level of the ASIS</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the patient be positioned for the AP Internal Oblique Pelvis (Judet Method) if the right hip is being examined?

<p>Patient in a 45° semi-supine position with the affected hip up (LPO position)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended patient position for the AP External Oblique Pelvis (Judet Method) when examining the left hip?

<p>Patient in a 45° semi-supine position with the affected hip down (RPO position)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are evaluated in the AP Internal Oblique Pelvis (Judet Method)?

<p>Acetabulum centered to the IR, Iliopubic column, and posterior rim of affected acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key structures evaluated in the AP External Oblique Pelvis (Judet Method)?

<p>Acetabulum centered to the IR, Ilioischial column, and anterior rim of the affected acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended leg positioning for the AP Pelvis X-ray?

<p>Internally rotate legs 15-20 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct CR (central ray) direction for the AP Pelvis X-ray?

<p>Perpendicular to the MSP (mid-sagittal plane), entering 2 inches inferior to ASIS or 2 inches superior to pubic symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using cushions during the positioning for the AP Pelvis X-ray?

<p>To aid in positioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended IR (image receptor) placement for the AP Pelvis X-ray?

<p>1-1½ inches above iliac crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the AP Pelvis X-ray?

<p>Greater trochanters in profile, symmetric obturator foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific positioning error has been made if a radiograph of an AP pelvis reveals that the right iliac wing is foreshortened as compared with the left side?

<p>The patient is rotated towards the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

Should the technologist repeat the projection if a radiograph of an AP hip reveals that the lesser trochanter is not visible? Why or why not?

<p>Yes, the projection should be repeated. The lesser trochanter should be visible in an AP hip radiograph to ensure proper positioning and accurate assessment of the hip joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of a post-op patient with an AP hip image, are any additional views necessary? Why or why not?

<p>Yes, additional views may be necessary. Post-op patients may require specific views to assess the surgical outcome and any implants present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific positioning error has been made if the greater and lesser trochanters are not prominent in a radiograph of the hip?

<p>The patient is over-rotated or under-rotated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the technologist do if a pelvic radiograph reveals that the left iliac wing is elongated compared to the right side?

<p>The patient is rotated towards the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient position and CR angle for the Modified Axiolateral Projection of the Trauma Hip?

<p>Patient is supine with affected side near edge of table and pelvis elevated using towels or sponges. CR is angled 15° posteriorly and aligned perpendicular to the femoral neck and grid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the limbs be positioned for the Cross-Table Lateral Hip CR?

<p>The limbs should remain in neutral position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustments are required for the Proximal and Distal Femur in the AP Femur projection?

<p>Proximal femur: rotate lower leg, hip, &amp; knee 10-15° internally. Distal femur: place femoral epicondyles parallel with the IR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the patient be positioned for the Mediolateral Femur projection to prevent superimposition?

<p>The patient should be rolled towards the affected side and the knee flexed 45°. The pelvis should be adjusted 10-15° from lateral to prevent superimposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the Modified Axiolateral Projection of the Trauma Hip?

<p>Acetabulum and proximal femur in lateral profile, hip joint with the acetabulum, and any orthopedic appliance in its entirety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

<p>Encloses &amp; protects spinal cord, Support for the trunk, Supports skull superiorly, Attachment for deep muscles of the back and ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones make up the adult's vertebral column?

<p>26</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Lordotic Curves in the vertebral column?

<p>Convex anteriorly, Cervical and Lumbar, Known as secondary or compensatory curves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Pedicle in typical vertebral anatomy?

<p>Extends posteriorly from vertebral body; forms the sides of the vertebral arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of Intervertebral Disks?

<p>Nucleus Pulposus – central mass of soft, pulpy material, Annulus Fibrosus – outer fibrocartilaginous disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Zygapophyseal Joint in typical vertebral anatomy?

<p>Articulation between the superior and inferior articular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the unique characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?

<p>Transverse Foramina, Bifid Spinous Process Tips, Overlapping Vertebral Bodies, Articular Pillars</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of the cervical vertebrae Atlas (C1)?

<p>Contains NO vertebral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of the cervical vertebrae Axis (C2)?

<p>Dens (a.k.a. odontoid process)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the transverse atlantal ligament?

<p>Separates the anterior and posterior arch of the Atlas (C1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method for viewing a slipped disk?

<p>Best seen using MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vertebral artery, vein, and nerve passing through the transverse foramina?

<p>Supply blood and innervation to the spinal cord and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the Trauma C-Spine Cross-Table Lateral view?

<p>All 7 cervical vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Left Lateral Soft Tissue Neck view?

<p>To demonstrate soft tissue structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for demonstrating motility of all 7 cervical vertebrae?

<p>HyperFlexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 23 Left Lateral C-Spine Hyperflexion & Hyperextension Views?

<p>Rules out whiplash injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

What positioning criteria should be followed for the Trauma C-Spine Cross-Table Lateral view?

<p>CR ⊥ to C4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended source-to-image distance (SID) for the Trauma C-Spine Cross-Table Lateral view?

<p>72-inch SID</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of utilizing weights in the Left Lateral C-Spine position?

<p>To help the patient depress the shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 45° Axial Oblique C-Spine position?

<p>It demonstrates intervertebral foramina on the up side (RPO/LPO) and down side (RAO/LAO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended SID for the AP Open Mouth C-Spine projection?

<p>40-inch</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the AP Axial C-Spine projection?

<p>C3-T2, open intervertebral disk spaces, transverse/spinous/articular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the CR angle for the 45° Axial Oblique C-Spine for AP obliques?

<p>15-20° cephalic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient's action during the exposure for the AP Open Mouth C-Spine projection?

<p>Phonating 'ah' softly</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the odontoid process?

<p>Acts as a pivot to allow the head to rotate side to side</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of the C7 vertebrae?

<p>Termed 'Vertebral Prominens' due to the long, prominent spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the unique characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae?

<p>Costal Facets (articulation with ribs) and long spinous process projecting inferiorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the positioning rotations needed for demonstrating intervertebral foramina and zygapophyseal joints in the cervical spine?

<p>45° oblique AP – up side, PA – down side</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the topographic landmarks for the cervical region?

<p>C1 = Mastoid Tip, C2-C3 = Gonion, C5 = Thyroid Cartilage, C7 = Vertebral Prominens (end of C-spine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient position for the intervertebral foramina and zygapophyseal joints demonstration in the thoracic spine?

<p>70° oblique AP – up side, PA – down side</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural curve of the lumbar spine called?

<p>lordotic curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which lumbar vertebra does the spinal cord terminate?

<p>L1-L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of the body of the L5 vertebra?

<p>wedge-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what position are the majority of the zygapophyseal joints demonstrated?

<p>45° oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the intervertebral foramina in relation to the MSP (median sagittal plane)?

<p>right angles (90°)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pars interarticularis?

<p>Part of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended CR angle for the L5-S1 Spot projection?

<p>5° - male, 8° - female</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the Left Lateral L-Spine projection?

<p>Intervertebral foramina of L1-L4, open intervertebral disk spaces, spinous processes in profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the patient be positioned for the L5-S1 Spot projection?

<p>Same position as Left Lateral L-Spine, with the CR midway between iliac crest and level of ASIS</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are evaluated in the AP Axial L5-S1 projection?

<p>Lateral aspect of L5-S1, open lumbosacral intervertebral joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustments may be required if the L-spine is not horizontal for the Left Lateral L-Spine projection?

<p>Angle the CR 5-8° caudal so it is perpendicular with the spine, use lead strip behind patient to reduce scatter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the position of the patient for the AP Axial L5-S1 projection?

<p>Prone position</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended angle for the central ray in the AP/PA L-Spine Weight-Bearing view?

<p>CR perpendicular to the level of L3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the AP/PA L-Spine Weight-Bearing view?

<p>Lumbosacral junction and sacrum, Open intervertebral space between L5S1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in recommended CR angle between male and female patients in the supine position for the L-Spine X-ray?

<p>30° for male, 35° for female</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient position for the Lateral Hyperflexion view of the lumbar spine?

<p>Left lateral recumbent position</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the AP/PA L-Spine Weight-Bearing view?

<p>Demonstrates mobility of the intervertebral joints, Helpful in localizing joint movement of disk protrusion, No rotation of the patient in bending position</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended CR level in the supine position for the L-Spine X-ray?

<p>1½ inches superior to pubic symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the prominent ridge on the base of the sacrum?

<p>Sacral Promontory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the sacral foramina located?

<p>On anterior and posterior walls of the sacral canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the coccyx?

<p>Composed of 4 rudimentary vertebrae fused into one bone by adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bending the patient's knees to bring the spine closer to the table in the AP L-Spine position?

<p>To decrease the lordotic curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are demonstrated in the 45° RPO/LPO L-Spine position?

<p>Zygapophyseal joints of L1-L4 on the down side</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended CR level for the AP L-Spine projection?

<p>At the level of L4 (iliac crest)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing Extension Lateral Hyperflexion/Hyperextension?

<p>To determine whether motion is present in the area of a spinal fusion or to localize a herniated disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the CR be angled for the AP Sacrum projection?

<p>15° cephalic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures should be seen in the AP Sacrum projection?

<p>Sacrum free of foreshortening with sacral curve straightened, Pubic bone not overlapping the sacrum, No rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the lateral sacrum projection, where should the CR be directed?

<p>At the level of the ASIS, and 3½ inches posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be visible in the lateral sacrum projection?

<p>Lateral aspect of the sacrum (&amp; coccyx if included), Closely superimposed superior margins of the ischia and ilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the AP Axial SI Joints, what is the recommended CR angle?

<p>30-35° caudal</p> Signup and view all the answers

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