Animal Tissues and Nutritional Mode Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic distinguishes animals from other life forms?

  • Photosynthetic
  • Multicellularity (correct)
  • Prokaryotic
  • Cell walls

    • Which layer gives rise to the digestive system in animal embryos?

  • Mesoderm
  • Ectoderm
  • Endoderm (correct)
  • Archenteron

    • What is the main structural protein that connects animal cells and tissues?

  • Collagen (correct)
  • Keratin
  • Elastin
  • Myosin

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of animals?

    <p>Cell walls made of cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the formation of the gastrula in animal embryos?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the primitive gut formed during early embryonic development in animals?

    <p>Archenteron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is a defining feature of animals?

    <p>Presence of specialized cells like neurons and muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nutritional mode of animals referred to as?

    <p>Chemoheterotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the ingestion and internal digestion of food particles in animals?

    <p>Phagotrophic heterotrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of most animals?

    <p>Diploid (2n) stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexual reproduction in animals involves the fusion of gametes to form a:

    <p>Diploid (2n) zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are involved in reproduction in animals?

    <p>Archenteron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of embryo cleavage, how does protostome development differ from deuterostome development?

    <p>Spiral cleavage in protostomes and radial cleavage in deuterostomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cleavage results in each new cell being predetermined to form a specific part of the later embryo?

    <p>Determinate cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the three primary germ layers that form during gastrulation?

    <p>Mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that forms during gastrulation and eventually develops into the digestive tract in the embryo?

    <p>Archenteron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the outermost germ layer that gives rise to the skin and nervous system in the embryo?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Hox genes primarily responsible for during embryonic development?

    <p>Assigning identity to body segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of cleavage pattern, which type of cleavage is characteristic of protostome development?

    <p>Spiral and determinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the presence of coeloms and hemocoels in animals?

    <p>The presence or absence of coeloms/hemocoels is not indicative of phylogenetic relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cleavage pattern is found in deuterostome development?

    <p>Radial and indeterminate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between protostome and deuterostome development regarding cell fate?

    <p>Cells in protostome development are predetermined, while cells in deuterostome development have indeterminate fate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes animals with reduced or lost coeloms and hemocoels?

    <p>Acoelomates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the presence of coeloms/hemocoels and phylogenetic relationships among animals?

    <p>There is no clear link between the presence or absence of coeloms/hemocoels and phylogenetic relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in animals are responsible for generating and conducting nerve impulses?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of muscle cells in animals?

    <p>They are responsible for body movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the nutritional mode of animals compared to fungi?

    <p>They are phagotrophic heterotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the life cycle of most animals?

    <p>The diploid stage dominates the life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do animals obtain organic molecules?

    <p>By consuming other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the reproduction process in animals?

    <p>It involves meiosis, producing haploid gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes animal cells from other multicellular eukaryotes?

    <p>Having cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is the most abundant in the human body, connecting animal cells and tissues?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do animal somatic cells primarily differentiate from each other?

    <p>Into specialized types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of cell types in animals, from simple organisms like sponges to humans?

    <p>4-5 cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific function of tissues in animals?

    <p>Secretion and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of animal tissues that sets them apart from other life forms?

    <p>Originate from embryonic layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique process occurs during gastrulation in animals?

    <p>Development of the archenteron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genes are crucial in determining the body plan and segment identity during animal embryonic development?

    <p>Hox genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of Hox genes compared to other genes during animal embryonic development?

    <p>They regulate embryonic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Hox proteins along the anterior-posterior axis in animals?

    <p>Determination of limb positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal has the least number of Hox gene copies?

    <p>Jellyfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Hox genes compare across different animal phyla in terms of arrangement along chromosomes?

    <p>Variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is used to categorize embryonic development in many bilateral triploblastic animals?

    <p>Fate of blastopore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cleavage pattern characterizes deuterostome development compared to protostome development?

    <p>Radial and indeterminate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body plan category is not a good indicator of phylogenetic relationships among animals?

    <p>Coelomates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if some cells are removed during protostome development due to determinate cleavage?

    <p>Missing specific organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes animals where coeloms and hemocoels have been reduced or lost?

    <p>Acoelomates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In deuterostome development, what type of cleavage pattern is observed?

    <p>Radial and indeterminate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During early embryonic development in most animals, what structure is formed after cleavage and is typically a hollow ball of cells?

    <p>Blastocoel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process in most animals where a multicellular, hollow structure called a blastula is formed?

    <p>Blastulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In most animals, what process follows continued cleavage, resulting in the formation of a gastrula with different embryonic layers?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a distinguishing feature between diploblastic and triploblastic animals in terms of embryonic development?

    <p>Number of embryonic germ layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal phylogeny, what event typically follows the series of rapid mitotic cell divisions known as cleavage?

    <p>Formation of a blastula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes animals based on body plans?

    <p>Embryonic development stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Characteristics of Animals

    • Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that originate from embryonic layers.

    Cell Structure and Specialization

    • Animals are multicellular eukaryotes, except for gametes.
    • Animals lack cell walls found in other multicellular eukaryotes (plants, algae, and fungi).
    • Cells and tissues are interconnected by extracellular structural proteins, with collagen being the most abundant in the human body.
    • Tissues consist of groups of cells with shared structure and/or function.
    • Animal somatic (non-reproductive) cells differentiate into specialized types, such as those involved in digestion, secretion, protection, and transport.
    • The number of cell types varies widely among animals, ranging from around 4-5 in simple organisms like sponges to >100 in humans.

    Nutritional Mode

    • Animals are chemoheterotrophs, relying on preformed organic molecules for both carbon and energy (as are fungi).
    • Animals cannot construct all their organic molecules; they obtain these organic molecules by consuming other organisms.
    • Animals are phagotrophic heterotrophs.
    • Animals ingest and digest food particles internally.
    • cf. external digestion in fungi (absorptive heterotrophs).

    Reproduction

    • Most animals reproduce sexually, with the diploid (2n) stage dominating the life cycle.
    • cf. haploid-dominated life cycle in fungi.
    • While animals may have multiple life stages, some of which reproduce asexually, all stages are diploid.
    • Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, producing haploid (1n) gametes that fuse during fertilization to form a diploid (2n) zygote.

    Embryonic Development

    • Stages in early embryonic development of animals:
      • Following fertilization, the diploid zygote undergoes a series of rapid mitotic cell divisions called cleavage.
      • Cleavage transforms the zygote into an eight-cell embryo.
      • In most animals, continued cleavage produces a multicellular, hollow blastula.
      • The blastula stage of embryonic development is found only in animals.
      • Most animals also undergo gastrulation, forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues.
      • Includes specialized cells not found in other multicellular organisms: neurons (nerve cells) and contractile muscle cells.

    Developmental Genes

    • Hox genes are crucial in animal evolution because they play a fundamental role in determining the body plan and segment identity during embryonic development.
    • Hox proteins coordinate the development of various structures along the anterior-posterior axis.
    • The Hox family of genes is highly conserved.
    • The arrangement of Hox genes along chromosomes remains similar across animal phyla.
    • However, the number of Hox copies varies among animal phyla.

    Protostome and Deuterostome Development

    • Embryonic development of many bilateral (triploblastic) animals can be categorized as:
      • Protostome development or
      • Deuterostome development
    • Protostome and deuterostome development differ in several key aspects:
      • Embryo cleavage
      • Coelom formation
      • Fate of the blastopore
    • In protostome development, cleavage is spiral and determinate.
    • In deuterostome development, cleavage is radial and indeterminate.

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    BIOL 108 Introduction to Animals PDF 2024

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the specialized cells found in animals, such as neurons and muscle cells, as well as the nutritional mode of animals as chemoheterotrophs. Explore the defining characteristics of animals in this quiz.

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