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Questions and Answers
What characteristic distinguishes animals from other life forms?
What characteristic distinguishes animals from other life forms?
- Photosynthetic
- Multicellularity (correct)
- Prokaryotic
- Cell walls
Which layer gives rise to the digestive system in animal embryos?
Which layer gives rise to the digestive system in animal embryos?
- Mesoderm
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm (correct)
- Archenteron
What is the main structural protein that connects animal cells and tissues?
What is the main structural protein that connects animal cells and tissues?
- Collagen (correct)
- Keratin
- Elastin
- Myosin
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of animals?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of animals?
What process involves the formation of the gastrula in animal embryos?
What process involves the formation of the gastrula in animal embryos?
Which term describes the primitive gut formed during early embryonic development in animals?
Which term describes the primitive gut formed during early embryonic development in animals?
Which characteristic is a defining feature of animals?
Which characteristic is a defining feature of animals?
What is the nutritional mode of animals referred to as?
What is the nutritional mode of animals referred to as?
Which process involves the ingestion and internal digestion of food particles in animals?
Which process involves the ingestion and internal digestion of food particles in animals?
What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of most animals?
What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of most animals?
Sexual reproduction in animals involves the fusion of gametes to form a:
Sexual reproduction in animals involves the fusion of gametes to form a:
Which of the following structures are involved in reproduction in animals?
Which of the following structures are involved in reproduction in animals?
In terms of embryo cleavage, how does protostome development differ from deuterostome development?
In terms of embryo cleavage, how does protostome development differ from deuterostome development?
Which type of cleavage results in each new cell being predetermined to form a specific part of the later embryo?
Which type of cleavage results in each new cell being predetermined to form a specific part of the later embryo?
What is the term used for the three primary germ layers that form during gastrulation?
What is the term used for the three primary germ layers that form during gastrulation?
What is the structure that forms during gastrulation and eventually develops into the digestive tract in the embryo?
What is the structure that forms during gastrulation and eventually develops into the digestive tract in the embryo?
Which term refers to the outermost germ layer that gives rise to the skin and nervous system in the embryo?
Which term refers to the outermost germ layer that gives rise to the skin and nervous system in the embryo?
What are Hox genes primarily responsible for during embryonic development?
What are Hox genes primarily responsible for during embryonic development?
In terms of cleavage pattern, which type of cleavage is characteristic of protostome development?
In terms of cleavage pattern, which type of cleavage is characteristic of protostome development?
Which statement is true regarding the presence of coeloms and hemocoels in animals?
Which statement is true regarding the presence of coeloms and hemocoels in animals?
What type of cleavage pattern is found in deuterostome development?
What type of cleavage pattern is found in deuterostome development?
What is a key difference between protostome and deuterostome development regarding cell fate?
What is a key difference between protostome and deuterostome development regarding cell fate?
Which term describes animals with reduced or lost coeloms and hemocoels?
Which term describes animals with reduced or lost coeloms and hemocoels?
What is the relationship between the presence of coeloms/hemocoels and phylogenetic relationships among animals?
What is the relationship between the presence of coeloms/hemocoels and phylogenetic relationships among animals?
Which type of cells in animals are responsible for generating and conducting nerve impulses?
Which type of cells in animals are responsible for generating and conducting nerve impulses?
What is the characteristic of muscle cells in animals?
What is the characteristic of muscle cells in animals?
What is unique about the nutritional mode of animals compared to fungi?
What is unique about the nutritional mode of animals compared to fungi?
What is a characteristic of the life cycle of most animals?
What is a characteristic of the life cycle of most animals?
How do animals obtain organic molecules?
How do animals obtain organic molecules?
What is a characteristic of the reproduction process in animals?
What is a characteristic of the reproduction process in animals?
What distinguishes animal cells from other multicellular eukaryotes?
What distinguishes animal cells from other multicellular eukaryotes?
Which protein is the most abundant in the human body, connecting animal cells and tissues?
Which protein is the most abundant in the human body, connecting animal cells and tissues?
How do animal somatic cells primarily differentiate from each other?
How do animal somatic cells primarily differentiate from each other?
What is the range of cell types in animals, from simple organisms like sponges to humans?
What is the range of cell types in animals, from simple organisms like sponges to humans?
What is the specific function of tissues in animals?
What is the specific function of tissues in animals?
What is the characteristic feature of animal tissues that sets them apart from other life forms?
What is the characteristic feature of animal tissues that sets them apart from other life forms?
What unique process occurs during gastrulation in animals?
What unique process occurs during gastrulation in animals?
Which genes are crucial in determining the body plan and segment identity during animal embryonic development?
Which genes are crucial in determining the body plan and segment identity during animal embryonic development?
What is a defining characteristic of Hox genes compared to other genes during animal embryonic development?
What is a defining characteristic of Hox genes compared to other genes during animal embryonic development?
What is the role of Hox proteins along the anterior-posterior axis in animals?
What is the role of Hox proteins along the anterior-posterior axis in animals?
Which type of animal has the least number of Hox gene copies?
Which type of animal has the least number of Hox gene copies?
How do Hox genes compare across different animal phyla in terms of arrangement along chromosomes?
How do Hox genes compare across different animal phyla in terms of arrangement along chromosomes?
Which characteristic is used to categorize embryonic development in many bilateral triploblastic animals?
Which characteristic is used to categorize embryonic development in many bilateral triploblastic animals?
What type of cleavage pattern characterizes deuterostome development compared to protostome development?
What type of cleavage pattern characterizes deuterostome development compared to protostome development?
Which body plan category is not a good indicator of phylogenetic relationships among animals?
Which body plan category is not a good indicator of phylogenetic relationships among animals?
What happens if some cells are removed during protostome development due to determinate cleavage?
What happens if some cells are removed during protostome development due to determinate cleavage?
Which term describes animals where coeloms and hemocoels have been reduced or lost?
Which term describes animals where coeloms and hemocoels have been reduced or lost?
In deuterostome development, what type of cleavage pattern is observed?
In deuterostome development, what type of cleavage pattern is observed?
During early embryonic development in most animals, what structure is formed after cleavage and is typically a hollow ball of cells?
During early embryonic development in most animals, what structure is formed after cleavage and is typically a hollow ball of cells?
Which term describes the process in most animals where a multicellular, hollow structure called a blastula is formed?
Which term describes the process in most animals where a multicellular, hollow structure called a blastula is formed?
In most animals, what process follows continued cleavage, resulting in the formation of a gastrula with different embryonic layers?
In most animals, what process follows continued cleavage, resulting in the formation of a gastrula with different embryonic layers?
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature between diploblastic and triploblastic animals in terms of embryonic development?
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature between diploblastic and triploblastic animals in terms of embryonic development?
In animal phylogeny, what event typically follows the series of rapid mitotic cell divisions known as cleavage?
In animal phylogeny, what event typically follows the series of rapid mitotic cell divisions known as cleavage?
Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes animals based on body plans?
Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes animals based on body plans?
Study Notes
Characteristics of Animals
- Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that originate from embryonic layers.
Cell Structure and Specialization
- Animals are multicellular eukaryotes, except for gametes.
- Animals lack cell walls found in other multicellular eukaryotes (plants, algae, and fungi).
- Cells and tissues are interconnected by extracellular structural proteins, with collagen being the most abundant in the human body.
- Tissues consist of groups of cells with shared structure and/or function.
- Animal somatic (non-reproductive) cells differentiate into specialized types, such as those involved in digestion, secretion, protection, and transport.
- The number of cell types varies widely among animals, ranging from around 4-5 in simple organisms like sponges to >100 in humans.
Nutritional Mode
- Animals are chemoheterotrophs, relying on preformed organic molecules for both carbon and energy (as are fungi).
- Animals cannot construct all their organic molecules; they obtain these organic molecules by consuming other organisms.
- Animals are phagotrophic heterotrophs.
- Animals ingest and digest food particles internally.
- cf. external digestion in fungi (absorptive heterotrophs).
Reproduction
- Most animals reproduce sexually, with the diploid (2n) stage dominating the life cycle.
- cf. haploid-dominated life cycle in fungi.
- While animals may have multiple life stages, some of which reproduce asexually, all stages are diploid.
- Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, producing haploid (1n) gametes that fuse during fertilization to form a diploid (2n) zygote.
Embryonic Development
- Stages in early embryonic development of animals:
- Following fertilization, the diploid zygote undergoes a series of rapid mitotic cell divisions called cleavage.
- Cleavage transforms the zygote into an eight-cell embryo.
- In most animals, continued cleavage produces a multicellular, hollow blastula.
- The blastula stage of embryonic development is found only in animals.
- Most animals also undergo gastrulation, forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues.
- Includes specialized cells not found in other multicellular organisms: neurons (nerve cells) and contractile muscle cells.
Developmental Genes
- Hox genes are crucial in animal evolution because they play a fundamental role in determining the body plan and segment identity during embryonic development.
- Hox proteins coordinate the development of various structures along the anterior-posterior axis.
- The Hox family of genes is highly conserved.
- The arrangement of Hox genes along chromosomes remains similar across animal phyla.
- However, the number of Hox copies varies among animal phyla.
Protostome and Deuterostome Development
- Embryonic development of many bilateral (triploblastic) animals can be categorized as:
- Protostome development or
- Deuterostome development
- Protostome and deuterostome development differ in several key aspects:
- Embryo cleavage
- Coelom formation
- Fate of the blastopore
- In protostome development, cleavage is spiral and determinate.
- In deuterostome development, cleavage is radial and indeterminate.
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Test your knowledge on the specialized cells found in animals, such as neurons and muscle cells, as well as the nutritional mode of animals as chemoheterotrophs. Explore the defining characteristics of animals in this quiz.
