Animal Systems II: Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the total grade does the final exam account for?

85% (correct)

100%

10%

Which module focuses on the electrical activity of the heart?

Module 1

Module 4

Module 2 (correct)

Module 3

What is a major function of the cardiovascular system?

Producing hormones

Continuously distributing blood (correct)

Filtering toxins from the blood

Regulating body temperature

How many modules are included in the Animal Systems II: Cardiovascular Physiology course?

7 Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated probability of an American developing cardiovascular disease?

1 in 4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT covered in the course modules?

Nervous System Integration Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of the total grade do the Canvas-based quizzes contribute?

10% Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cardiovascular disease is true?

It affects a significant percentage of dogs by age 13. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two divisions of the cardiovascular system?

Systemic and Pulmonary Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary measure of cardiac performance?

Cardiac Output Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the distribution system of the cardiovascular system?

Systemic Arteries Signup and view all the answers

In terms of anatomical structure, how many pumps does the heart consist of?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity of blood pumped per minute in humans?

5 L/min Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the cardiovascular system is responsible for the exchange of gases?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

During ventricular systole, which part of the heart collects blood?

Atria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the flow of blood in the cardiovascular system?

Unidirectional Signup and view all the answers

What primarily regulates cardiovascular resistance?

Diameter of the vessel Signup and view all the answers

How much does blood flow change when the diameter of the vessel is halved?

Decreases by 16 times Signup and view all the answers

What is the mathematical representation of Poiseuille's law for blood flow?

Q = (P1 - P2) / R Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a primary determinant of blood flow?

Length of the vessel Signup and view all the answers

What condition can lead to increased blood viscosity?

High hematocrit levels Signup and view all the answers

Which ventricle is responsible for generating approximately five times greater pressure?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT affect resistance to blood flow?

Temperature of the fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of arterioles in the vascular system?

Regulate blood pressure through vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about capillaries is accurate?

They facilitate the exchange of metabolic substrates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of venules and veins in the cardiovascular system?

Serve as blood reservoirs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system regarding capillary exchange?

Remove excess fluid and waste from tissues Signup and view all the answers

What does Poiseuille's law relate to in the vascular system?

Flow and resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is intrinsic to cardiovascular regulation?

Frank-Starling Law of the heart Signup and view all the answers

What prevents backflow from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular contraction?

Mitral and tricuspid valves Signup and view all the answers

During which phase are the mitral and tricuspid valves closed?

Isovolumetric contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the direction of valve opening and closing?

Pressure gradients Signup and view all the answers

Which heart generates higher pressure due to greater resistance?

Left heart Signup and view all the answers

Which valves prevent backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary trunk into the ventricles?

Aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves Signup and view all the answers

What happens during isovolumetric contraction?

AV valves are closed and semilunar valves are closed Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the movement of fluid down a pressure gradient?

Flow Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to resistance in the cardiovascular system?

Friction and deflection forces Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of cardiac pathologies such as valve failure and myocardium dysfunction?

Improper removal of metabolic wastes Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the flow (Q) in the cardiovascular system according to Poiseuille's law?

Diameter of the heart chambers Signup and view all the answers

In a typical canine, which cardiovascular measure is defined as the volume of blood pumped per minute by the heart?

Cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the regulation of blood flow through hormonal mechanisms such as the RAAS?

Decreased blood volume Signup and view all the answers

Which side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood with the greatest flow?

Left side Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical average blood pressure reading for humans?

120/80 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition can occur when blood vessels encounter atherosclerosis?

Reduced blood flow to organs Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about blood flow and pressure is correct?

Flow is directly proportional to pressure gradient Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular Physiology

Animal Systems II: Course name and code (VEM 5111G)
Course Coordinator: Carl Hansen, PhD
Office: V2-163
Phone: (Information unavailable)
Email: [email protected]
Office Hours: By appointment (via email)
Course Materials: Available on e-learning

E-learning Resources

Syllabus, Calendar & Lecture Notes: Available on e-learning
Power Points: Posted before each lecture
Supplemental Websites: Links provided for extra resources
Physiology Textbook: Link to textbook in syllabus or course materials
Physiology Textbooks: Copies available in VET library

Modules

Seven Modules: Cover various aspects of cardiovascular physiology
Module 1: Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
Module 2: Electrical Activity of the Heart
Module 3: Cardiac Contractility, Cardiac Cycle, and Cardiac Output
Module 4: ECG Analysis and Interpretation
Module 5: Histology and Development
Module 6: The Circulation
Module 7: System Control & Integration

Schedule

Cardiovascular Function and Control: Dr. Hansen
Clinical ECG: Dr. Aherne (Electrocardiography)
Clinical Skills Lab ECG: Dr. Aherne (Practical application, measurement, discussion)
Cardiovascular Histology: Dr. Pierezan (Lecture and lab)
Cardiovascular Embryology and Development: Dr. Tevosian

Course Grading

ECG Lab Attendance & Participation: 5% of total grade
Four Canvas Quizzes: 10% of total grade
Final Exam: 85% of total grade
Clinical Correlate Questions: Included on the final exam

Learning Objectives (Introduction to Cardiovascular System)

Basic Components: Identify and understand how they are integrated in the cardiovascular system
Pressure & Flow: Identify the relationship between pressure and flow in the cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular Disease Statistics

Americans: 1 in 4 will develop cardiovascular disease
Dogs: Estimated 1 in 3 dogs will develop heart disease by 13 years old
Symptoms: Cardiovascular disease often progresses without obvious symptoms initially

Cardiovascular System Function

Main Function: Continuously distribute blood throughout the body, delivering nutrients and removing wastes
Divisions: Systemic and Pulmonary
Flow: Unidirectional, adjusts to tissue demands
Cardiac Output: Key measure; volume of blood pumped per unit time (Humans: 5L/min; Dogs: 2.5 L/min)

Structure of the Cardiovascular System

Four Functional Components: Pump, Distribution System, Exchange Region, Collection System and function in detail
Pump: Left and Right Ventricles
Distribution System: Arterial Tree (Systemic Arteries & Pulmonary Arteries)
Exchange Region: Capillaries (Systemic & Pulmonary)
Collection System: Venous Tree (Atria during ventricular systole)

The Heart (Function & Flow)

Anatomy: One structure, two separate pumps (atrium and ventricle) each side
Mechanical & Electrical Interdependence: Both pumps work together for proper function
Flow Mechanism: Generated by the heart’s pumping action

Valves (Unidirectional Flow)

Ventricular Input (AV valves): Mitral and Tricuspid prevent backflow into atria
Ventricular Output (Semilunar Valves): Aortic and Pulmonic prevent backflow into ventricles
Valve Function: Open and close passively based on pressure gradients

Heart Function (Diastole & Systole)

Diastole: Relaxation phase (Aortic > Ventricular pressure, Left atrium > Left ventricle pressure)
Systole: Contraction phase (Ejection when Aortic < Ventricular pressure, Left atrium < Left ventricle pressure)
Valve Status: Detailed valve status during each phase

Pressure & Flow

Pressure: Application of force to a surface; amount of force per unit area.
Flow: Movement of fluid down a pressure gradient.
Left vs. Right Ventricle Pressure: The left ventricle generates higher pressure than the right due to higher resistance
Resistance (Forces Opposing Flow): Friction and deflection forces result in a decrease in pressure through vessels, dependent on Viscosity, Length and Diameter of the vessel

Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

Systemic (Left) Pump: Must generate higher pressure compared to pulmonary to meet demands from larger surface area and higher resistance. Its larger mass also allows for this.
Factors Affecting Resistance: Viscosity, length and vessel diameter
Poiseuille's law: Mathematical relation describing flow in a pipe

Vascular System (Distribution System)

Function: Transport metabolic substrates to tissues, removing metabolic waste products
Arteries: High-pressure flow to all regions, robust, elastic walls
Arterioles: Regulate perfusion pressure to tissues, thick less elastic walls, regulate vasoconstriction, vasodilation.
Capillary Beds: Exchange occurs, very thin, porous to allow exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
Venules & Veins: Collect blood from capillaries, serve as reservoirs (thin walled and highly compliant) to regulate pressure between arteries and heart

Capillary Exchange

Location: Capillaries
Composition: Single layer of endothelial cells; no muscular wall, typically porous
Function: Facilitates exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
Lymphatic System: Plays a part in maintaining fluid balance

Cardiovascular Regulation

Function: Maintaining blood pressure and adjusting cardiac output to meet tissue demands.
Intrinsic Mechanisms: Frank-Starling law of the heart, myogenic vascular smooth muscle.
Autonomic Mechanisms: Sympathetic, Parasympathetic Nervous System
Hormonal Regulation: RAAS (renal angiotensin system), Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), Epinephrine, Atrial natriuretic protein

Cardiovascular Disease

Failure: Inadequate delivery of nutrients and O2, and inadequate removal of metabolic wastes and CO2 from tissues.
Cardiac Pathologies: Pump dysfunction, valve failure, myocardium dysfunction, conduction disturbances.
Vascular Dysfunction: Atherosclerosis, hypertension, embolisms, ischemic attacks, hemorrhage

Valve Dysfunction (Veterinary Problems)

Common Problem: Valve dysfunction
Unidirectional flow issue: Valves prevent backflow of blood.

Flow

Definition: Volume of blood moving past a point in the cardiovascular system per unit time.
Methods of calculation: Based on pressure gradient and the resistance offered to flow (Poiseuille's law)
Cardiac Output: Measured in L/min
Human vs. Canine: Typical human and canine cardiac output values (amount of blood pumped per minute)

Relationship between Pressure and Flow

Blood Pressure (BP): Measurement of the cardiac force generating flow
Flow Gradient: Proportional to the pressure gradient between two points (not absolute pressure)
Simplified Poiseuille's Law: Flow (Q) = Pressure Gradient (ΔP) / Resistance (R)

Resistance

Definition: Force opposing flow, caused by friction and deflection.
Factors Affecting Resistance: Length, Viscosity, and Vessel Diameter
Relationship to Flow: Flow is inversely proportional to resistance

Measurement of BP

Historical: First measurement done on a horse (1733) by Reverend Stephen Hales.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the essential concepts and modules related to cardiovascular physiology. This quiz will cover topics including the heart's electrical activity, functions of the cardiovascular system, and grading components of the course. Enhance your understanding of cardiovascular health and disease.