Animal Systems II: Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz

<p>7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 in 4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous System Integration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects a significant percentage of dogs by age 13. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic and Pulmonary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac Output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic Arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 L/min (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unidirectional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diameter of the vessel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases by 16 times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Q = (P1 - P2) / R (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Length of the vessel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High hematocrit levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature of the fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulate blood pressure through vasoconstriction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate the exchange of metabolic substrates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serve as blood reservoirs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remove excess fluid and waste from tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flow and resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frank-Starling Law of the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitral and tricuspid valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isovolumetric contraction (B), Systole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure gradients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AV valves are closed and semilunar valves are closed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Friction and deflection forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improper removal of metabolic wastes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diameter of the heart chambers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left side (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>120/80 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced blood flow to organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flow is directly proportional to pressure gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The continuous transport of blood throughout the body to deliver nutrients and remove waste products. It involves the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. These components work together to circulate blood and transport essential substances.

Pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels, while flow refers to the volume of blood moving through a vessel per unit time. Higher pressure leads to greater blood flow.

Cardiovascular diseases affect the heart and blood vessels, leading to problems like heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. They are a major health concern, affecting a significant portion of the population.

A significant number of individuals, both humans and animals, are affected by cardiovascular diseases. Many animals develop heart problems by a certain age.

Many cardiovascular diseases can progress without noticeable symptoms until they become serious. This makes early detection and prevention crucial.

The study and understanding of the cardiovascular system. It involves examining the heart's structure and function, blood vessel characteristics, and blood properties.

This course covers various aspects of the cardiovascular system, including its structure, function, electrical activity, and regulation.

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

The cardiovascular system consists of two main divisions: systemic and pulmonary. They are responsible for transporting blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients, and removing waste products.

The heart is a powerful pump that propels blood through the body. It is responsible for maintaining blood pressure and ensuring that oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the tissues. It is divided into two functionally independent pumps, each consisting of an atrium and a ventricle.

The arteries are responsible for distributing blood from the heart to the rest of the body. They can adjust their outflow to meet the demands of the tissues.

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products occurs between the blood and the tissues.

The veins collect blood from the tissues and return it to the heart. The atria function as collection chambers during ventricular systole (contraction).

Blood flow in the cardiovascular system is unidirectional, meaning it flows in one direction only.

The pressure difference created by the heart's pumping action drives blood flow through the cardiovascular system.

Valves in the heart prevent backflow of blood, ensuring unidirectional flow. Mitral and tricuspid valves (AV valves) stop backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction. Aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles during relaxation.

The left ventricle generates higher pressure than the right ventricle because it pumps blood to the entire body, while the right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs.

The pressure difference between the left atrium and left ventricle causes blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle during diastole. This pressure difference is reversed during systole, causing blood to flow from the ventricle to the aorta.

During isovolumetric ventricular contraction, the left AV valve is closed, and the aortic semilunar valve is also closed. This phase occurs when the ventricle is contracting but hasn't ejected any blood yet.

During ventricular filling, the left AV valve is open, and the aortic semilunar valve is closed. This allows blood to flow from the atrium into the ventricle during relaxation.

When the ventricle is ejecting blood, the left AV valve is closed, and the aortic semilunar valve is open. This allows blood to be pumped from the ventricle into the aorta.

Pressure is the force exerted on a surface area. It is measured in units like mmHg, torr, or pascals.

Flow is the movement of fluid along a pressure gradient, from high pressure to low pressure.

Blood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to the resistance.

Vessel diameter is the most important factor determining blood flow resistance. Doubling the diameter increases flow 16 fold.

The heart is a two-pump system, with the systemic circuit delivering oxygenated blood to the body and the pulmonary circuit delivering deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Valves in the heart ensure unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow and maintaining efficient circulation.

The term used to describe the volume of blood passing through a point in the system per unit time.

Pressure decreases as the fluid flows over distance.

The left ventricle generates higher pressure to move blood through the larger, more resistive systemic circulation compared to the pulmonary circulation.

Viscosity, length, and diameter of vessels all influence resistance to blood flow.

The relationship between flow (Q), pressure difference (ΔP), and resistance (R) is described by Poiseuille's law: Q = ΔP/R.

Arteries transport high-pressure blood to all body parts.

Arterioles regulate blood flow to capillaries by adjusting their diameter.

Capillaries facilitate the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between blood and tissues.

Venules and veins collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries and return it to the heart.

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar.

The parasympathetic nervous system promotes "rest and digest" by slowing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and increasing digestion.

A system involving hormones that regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. Important hormones include renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone.

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that helps to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. It increases water reabsorption by the kidneys.

A hormone released by the adrenal glands that increases heart rate and blood pressure.

A hormone released by the heart that helps to regulate blood volume and blood pressure. It promotes sodium and water loss in urine.

The volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute.

The volume of blood that flows past a given point in the cardiovascular system in a given time. For laminar flow, it is determined by pressure difference and resistance according to Poiseuille's law.