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Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of the internal cervical os when palpating a cow?
What is a key characteristic of the internal cervical os when palpating a cow?
- Equal in size to the external cervical os
- Non-palpable in most cows
- Smaller than the external cervical os (correct)
- Larger than the external cervical os
Which method involves using the cervix to palpate the uterus in a cow?
Which method involves using the cervix to palpate the uterus in a cow?
- Grasping method
- Sweeping method (correct)
- Clamping method
- Flushing method
In palpation, which structures should be identified using your thumb?
In palpation, which structures should be identified using your thumb?
- Cervical os
- Ovaries (correct)
- Vaginal canal
- Broad ligament
What color glove corresponds to a smaller diameter during cervical palpation?
What color glove corresponds to a smaller diameter during cervical palpation?
What is the primary focus when performing a ram BSE (Breeding Soundness Examination)?
What is the primary focus when performing a ram BSE (Breeding Soundness Examination)?
Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating the estrous cycle in female canines?
Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating the estrous cycle in female canines?
What is a common method to assess pregnancy in livestock?
What is a common method to assess pregnancy in livestock?
Which of the following is NOT a usual step in determining uterine tone during palpation?
Which of the following is NOT a usual step in determining uterine tone during palpation?
What is the accuracy of radiography for diagnosing pregnancy in sheep at 60 days post-mating?
What is the accuracy of radiography for diagnosing pregnancy in sheep at 60 days post-mating?
Which method provides the earliest indication of pregnancy via hormonal changes?
Which method provides the earliest indication of pregnancy via hormonal changes?
What is the primary purpose of knowing the pregnancy status of ewes?
What is the primary purpose of knowing the pregnancy status of ewes?
How accurate is abdominal palpation in diagnosing pregnancy in ewes during the late stages (90-130 days gestation)?
How accurate is abdominal palpation in diagnosing pregnancy in ewes during the late stages (90-130 days gestation)?
At what point in gestation can fetal skeletons usually be detected via radiography?
At what point in gestation can fetal skeletons usually be detected via radiography?
What is the typical accuracy for vaginal biopsy in diagnosing pregnancy after 40 days?
What is the typical accuracy for vaginal biopsy in diagnosing pregnancy after 40 days?
What is the least effective method for diagnosing multiple pregnancies in ewes?
What is the least effective method for diagnosing multiple pregnancies in ewes?
What does an increase in body weight of 13-16% in ewes typically indicate?
What does an increase in body weight of 13-16% in ewes typically indicate?
Which is the most reliable method for determining the number of fetuses in early pregnancy?
Which is the most reliable method for determining the number of fetuses in early pregnancy?
What is a common physiological change seen in ewes carrying their first lambs after the third month of gestation?
What is a common physiological change seen in ewes carrying their first lambs after the third month of gestation?
What is the primary advantage of using the B-scan ultrasonics technique in sheep pregnancy diagnostics?
What is the primary advantage of using the B-scan ultrasonics technique in sheep pregnancy diagnostics?
Which condition, if detected using intrarectal Doppler ultrasonics, suggests successful pregnancy?
Which condition, if detected using intrarectal Doppler ultrasonics, suggests successful pregnancy?
What is the minimum gestation time after breeding in which fetal viability can first be detected by B-scan ultrasonics?
What is the minimum gestation time after breeding in which fetal viability can first be detected by B-scan ultrasonics?
What is the purpose of assessing the scrotal circumference during a ram breeding soundness exam?
What is the purpose of assessing the scrotal circumference during a ram breeding soundness exam?
What does the presence of a bright white line in a ram's ultrasound indicate?
What does the presence of a bright white line in a ram's ultrasound indicate?
Which factor is assessed during the physical examination of a ram in preparation for breeding?
Which factor is assessed during the physical examination of a ram in preparation for breeding?
How can Doppler ultrasonics be particularly useful in pregnancy diagnostics in ewes?
How can Doppler ultrasonics be particularly useful in pregnancy diagnostics in ewes?
What should be done to storage vessels before semen collection to ensure sperm viability?
What should be done to storage vessels before semen collection to ensure sperm viability?
A ram's semen quality should be evaluated for which of the following factors?
A ram's semen quality should be evaluated for which of the following factors?
What is one reason sheep pregnancy may not be reliably detected in the early stages using ultrasound techniques?
What is one reason sheep pregnancy may not be reliably detected in the early stages using ultrasound techniques?
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Study Notes
Ram BSE Procedure
- Tube/collection device attached to internal liner for semen collection.
- Internal liner is used during semen sampling.
- Cover/sleeve is essential for the collection process.
- Black knob enables filling the artificial vagina (AV) with water at body temperature for optimal conditions.
Semen Evaluation
- Exteriorization involves holding the ram near the scrotum to encourage penis extension.
- Normal visualization of glans penis and urethral process is expected.
- Gross motility assesses overall movement; graded as very good, good, fair, or poor.
- Progressive motility examines individual sperm movement using sterile saline.
Ultrasound Examination
- Ultrasound is performed by placing the probe on the dock, pushing testicles into the inguinal region for imaging.
- Identifies anatomical structures like the pampiniform plexus and epididymis.
- Hyperechoic line in the mediastinum indicates where semen accumulates.
- Presence of calcifications signifies abnormalities.
Physical Examination and Assessment
- Conduct a thorough examination at least a month prior to breeding.
- Evaluate the ram’s ability to mount, body condition (ideal: 3-3.5/5), structural soundness, and reproductive history.
- Inspect reproductive organs, including scrotal circumference and testicular health, for issues like epididymitis.
Semen Collection and Storage
- Collect and evaluate semen for volume, color, and contamination (urine, blood, dirt).
- Motility and morphology are critical for analysis.
- Warm storage vessels help prevent cold-shocking sperm, preserving motility.
Sheep Pregnancy Detection
- Pregnancy can be confirmed as early as 25 days via real-time B-scan ultrasound.
- A-scan detects fluid in the uterus, while Doppler ultrasonics can identify fetal heart rates and movements.
- B-scan imaging is most reliable for determining pregnancy and fetal counts around 50 days post-breeding.
Additional Pregnancy Detection Techniques
- Radiography: 97% accuracy at 60 days but not recommended for large herds due to risks.
- Vaginal biopsy: High accuracy after 40 days but impractical for mass use.
- Abdominal palpation can detect pregnancy in late stages, approximately 80-90% accurate.
Hormonal and Physical Changes
- Pregnancy-specific antigen and chorionic somatotropin in serum can indicate pregnancy.
- Ewes show significant changes in body weight, with twins resulting in a 13-16% increase compared to 6-12% for singles.
- Mammary gland secretions vary based on parity and can indicate potential pregnancy.
Embryonic and Fetal Development
- Organogenesis occurs in the first 40 days, with early detection of the gestational sac and embryo.
- Placentomes become visible from day 26-28 post-breeding, with distinct fetal structures visible by 50-60 days.
- Growth and differentiation of the fetus occur significantly between 45-150 days, influencing prenatal care.
Sheep Estrous Cycle and Pregnancy Maintenance
- Ewe estrous cycle averages 17 days with seasonal breeding patterns.
- Effective use of ultrasound and hormonal assays enhances pregnancy management and identifies potential issues early.
- Accurate determination of fetal health and number is crucial for optimizing reproductive outcomes.
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