Animal Relationships and Classification
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Questions and Answers

What key feature distinguishes Gnathostomata from Agnatha?

  • Development of a vertebral column
  • Ability to live in various habitats
  • Presence of jointed limbs
  • Possession of jaws (correct)

Which of the following features is NOT found in Amphioxus?

  • Gills/lungs (correct)
  • Heart (correct)
  • Segmentation
  • Well-developed brain (correct)

Which group of vertebrates is known for having an amniotic egg?

  • Agnatha
  • Tetrapoda (correct)
  • Cephalochordata
  • Gnathostomata

What evolutionary advantage do jaws provide to Gnathostomata?

<p>More effective feeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vertebrate origins is true?

<p>Cephalochordata share features with vertebrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature shared by both vertebrates and arthropods?

<p>Jointed skeleton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most associated with extreme cephalization in vertebrates?

<p>Highly developed sense organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of vertebrates is best adapted for life on land?

<p>Amphibians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of the phylum Porifera?

<p>Filter feeding mechanisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms belongs to the phylum Cnidaria?

<p>Corals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry is typically associated with organisms in the Eumetazoa group?

<p>Bilateral symmetry (C), Radial symmetry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary layers of cells in diploblastic organisms?

<p>Endoderm and ectoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following themes is significant in the study of animal relationships?

<p>Mobility in aquatic environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Eumetazoa from Porifera in terms of tissue organization?

<p>Eumetazoa possess true tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During gastrulation in diploblastic organisms, which cell layer forms the inside of the body?

<p>Endoderm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cnidarians contributes to their mobility?

<p>Presence of a nerve net (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry is characterized by not being very directional?

<p>Radial symmetry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is part of the Bilaterian classification?

<p>Protostomia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cephalization' refer to in bilateral organisms?

<p>The concentration of nerve tissue and sense organs at the front (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with chordates?

<p>Exoskeleton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a deuterostome?

<p>Chordates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is significant about the Cambrian 'Explosion' in relation to animal evolution?

<p>It resulted in the appearance of most modern phyla within a short time period. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a function of pharyngeal slits in chordates?

<p>Circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is considered a lophotrochozoan?

<p>Annelids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key features that allows amniotes to be more successful on land than amphibians?

<p>Amniotic egg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the amniotic egg?

<p>Nutrient absorption from the mother (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals is known to have dry scaly skin to reduce water loss?

<p>Reptiles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does not describe the evolutionary adaptations of birds and mammals?

<p>Amniotic eggs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of animals evolved a 4-chamber heart?

<p>Birds and Mammals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of Archaeopteryx?

<p>Presence of teeth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is shared by both birds and mammals as an adaptation for high metabolic rates?

<p>Fur or feathers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about reptiles is true?

<p>Some reptiles are more closely related to birds than to other reptiles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Animalia Kingdom

Multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic organisms.

Porifera

Sponges; early animals with no true tissues or many cell types.

Eumetazoa

Animals with true tissues, two cell layers, endoderm, and ectoderm.

Cnidaria

Diploblastic animals like jellyfish, anemones, and corals; have a nervous system and more mobility.

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Diploblastic animals

Animals with two cell layers, endoderm (inner) and ectoderm (outer).

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Heterotrophic

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

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Nervous System in Cnidarians

Cnidarians have primitive nervous systems, relating to mobility.

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Gastrulation

Process where the cells of the embryo rearrange to form a hollow ball (gastrula).

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Chordate Evolution

Chordates evolved from ancestors with low metabolic rates to a highly active lifestyle.

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Vertebrate Origins

Vertebrates are closely related to urochordates (tunicates) and cephalochordates (lancelets).

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Amphioxus

Amphioxus (lancelet) is a cephalochordate that serves as a baseline for understanding vertebrate evolution.

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Vertebrate Sense Organs

Vertebrates have highly developed sense organs, including eyes, nose, and hearing.

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Jointed Skeleton

Vertebrates have a jointed skeleton, including a vertebral column.

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Extreme Cephalization

Vertebrates exhibit extreme cephalization, meaning a concentration of sensory organs and brain in the head.

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Gnathostomata

Gnathostomes are vertebrates with jaws, which evolved from gill arches.

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Tetrapoda

Tetrapods are vertebrates with four limbs, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Radially Symmetrical

An organism can be divided into equal halves along any plane passing through the central axis. This type of symmetry is common in aquatic animals like jellyfish and sea anemones.

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Bilateral Symmetry

An organism can be divided into two mirror-image halves along a single plane. This type of symmetry is common in most animals, including humans.

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Cephalization

The concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissue at the anterior (head) end of an organism. This is associated with directional movement and active predation.

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Protostomes

Animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore (the opening of the gastrula) during embryonic development.

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Deuterostomes

Animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore during embryonic development.

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Notochord

A flexible rod that provides structural support in chordates. It is found along the dorsal side of the body.

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Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

A tube of nerve tissue that runs along the back of the body in chordates. It is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.

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Pharyngeal Slits

Openings in the pharynx that are used for filter feeding in aquatic chordates. They can be modified for breathing in terrestrial chordates.

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Amphibian Reproduction

Amphibians require water for reproduction, meaning they must lay their eggs in water or moist environments.

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Amniotic Egg

A type of egg that allows for reproduction on land, providing protection, waste storage, and gas exchange for the embryo.

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Amniote Success

Amniotes are more successful on land than amphibians, thanks to their adaptation for reproduction outside of water.

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Reptiles

A group of amniotes with dry scaly skin and a diverse array of adaptations, including those adapted for flight (birds) and live birth (mammals).

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Paraphyletic Group

A group that includes some but not all descendants of a common ancestor.

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Birds and Mammals

Both birds and mammals independently evolved high metabolic rates, warm blood, efficient respiration, four chamber hearts, and efficient locomotion.

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Archaeopteryx

An extinct bird-like dinosaur that exhibits a mix of bird and reptile characteristics, providing evidence for the evolutionary transition between these groups.

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Mammalian Origin

Mammals evolved about 220 mya, initially laying eggs, with two species still doing so. Today, most mammals give live birth.

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Study Notes

Animal Relationships

  • Metazoa = Animalia, Eumetazoa, and Bilateria are major animal groups
  • Themes include mobility and the colonization of land
  • Kingdom Animalia is multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic

Porifera - Early Animals

  • Lack true tissues
  • Few cell types
  • Some cells are totipotent (can differentiate into other cell types)
  • Filter feeders with numerous pores/holes
  • Water current is created by choanocytes (cells with flagella)
  • Similar to choanoflagellates

Eumetazoa

  • Diploblastic - two cell layers (endoderm and ectoderm)
  • Examples include cnidarians (jellyfish, anemones, corals)

Bilateria - Origins and Diversification

  • Cambrian "explosion" - many modern animal phyla appeared within a relatively short period (40 million years)

Bilateral Symmetry and Cephalization

  • Cephalization - sense organs clustered at the anterior (front) end
  • Bilateral symmetry - body parts are arranged in pairs on either side of a central axis

Two Great Branches of the Bilaterian Tree

  • Protostomes (e.g., annelids, arthropods, mollusks)
  • Deuterostomes (e.g., chordates)

Chordate Characteristics

  • Notochord (structural support)
  • Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • Pharyngeal slits (feeding and respiration)
  • Muscular tail

Chordates and Activity Level

  • Early chordates had relatively low metabolisms
  • Subsequent chordates evolved a higher metabolic rate
  • Parallels exist between protostome and chordate development

Vertebrate Origins and Relationships

  • Vertebrates share a common ancestry with Amphioxus (a cephalochordate)
  • Key characteristics include great sense organs (eyes, nose, hearing); a jointed skeleton; vertebral column; extreme cephalization
  • Gnathostomata have jaws (includes "Fishes," Amphibians, Amniotes)
  • Amniotes (Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals) have eggs with protective membranes (amniotic eggs)

"Agnatha"

  • These vertebrates lack jaws
  • Evolved gill arches that support more effective feeding
  • Higher metabolic rate

Sharks and Bony Fishes

  • Extremely successful in water
  • Wide range of habitats occupied
  • No major land invasions

Tetrapods

  • Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
  • Successful on land, jointed appendages allowing more efficient movement
  • Amphibians still rely on water for reproduction
  • Amniotes (Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals) have evolved to be much more successful on land

Amniotes

  • Eggs that can survive on land
  • Amnion surrounds the embryo, protecting it from drying out
  • Other critical components include the yolk sac, allantois, and chorion
  • Reptiles are paraphyletic (do not form a monophyletic group)

Birds and Mammals

  • Evolved high metabolic rates independently
  • Features such as insulation, efficient locomotion and respiration, complex hearts, and high body temperatures are key

Flight Adaptations of Birds

  • Feathers
  • Archaeopteryx
  • Teeth
  • Claws
  • Long, bony tail

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Animal Relationships PDF

Description

Explore the diversity and classification of animals, focusing on key themes like mobility and the evolution of bilateral symmetry. This quiz covers major animal groups including Porifera and Eumetazoa, as well as significant events like the Cambrian explosion.

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