Animal Physiology and Nutrition Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the gizzard in birds?

  • Storing food temporarily
  • Absorbing nutrients
  • Secreting digestive enzymes
  • Grinding and crushing food (correct)

Which adaptation helps snakes in the ingestion of prey?

  • Long tongues for sensing
  • Poisonous teeth
  • Divided lower jaw (correct)
  • Fused jaws

What characteristic is generally found in the digestive tract of carnivorous reptiles?

  • Developed cecum for fermentation
  • Short and simple digestive tract (correct)
  • Complex hindgut structure
  • Longer midgut

How do the digestive tracts of herbivorous reptiles differ from those of carnivorous reptiles?

<p>Herbivorous tracts have longer hindguts and simpler midguts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of the beak in birds?

<p>Absence of teeth for ease of movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of their body weight are farmed fish typically fed in high density indoor systems?

<p>1-4% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of supplemental diets for fish?

<p>To fortify the naturally available diet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does incubation take for fish that spawn large eggs, such as Salmon and Trout?

<p>50-100 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended first feed for very small fry that are spawned from marine species?

<p>Live feed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which live feed is generally bred in the hatchery for early stage fish?

<p>Rotifers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases the demand for energy in animals?

<p>Low ambient temperatures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes an ectothermic animal's metabolism?

<p>It increases with rising environmental temperatures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the water content of food an important factor in animal nutrition?

<p>It determines the durability and nutritional value (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do lactating female seals utilize from their body to produce milk while fasting?

<p>Body fat and protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about high ambient temperatures for animals?

<p>They increase the need for water for cooling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between dry matter and nutritional content?

<p>Dry matter consists of organic matter and minerals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does NOT need to be understood for effective wildlife management?

<p>The historical context of human interaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the spatial distribution of resources impact animal populations?

<p>Patchy distribution can create competition for resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feeding behavior involves the deliberate consumption of soil and clay?

<p>Geophagia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis is NOT associated with the practice of geophagia?

<p>Tooth abrasion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species has shown evidence of osteophagia?

<p>Cows (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In aquaculture, which species is among the top farmed freshwater fish?

<p>Tilapia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all bony fishes are classified as herbivores?

<p>Less than 5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding strategy involves fish optimizing their energy expenditure versus nutrient return?

<p>Foraging optimization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the moment of osteophagia usage by different species?

<p>Calcium and phosphorus needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic waste do fish primarily excrete via their gills?

<p>Ammonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of geophagia?

<p>Energetic costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding type involves consuming decomposing organic matter?

<p>Detritivores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bones is made up of water?

<p>49% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vulture has an excellent sense of smell?

<p>New world vultures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary food sources for omnivorous Galliformes birds?

<p>Insects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food item is NOT typically included in the zoo diet for penguins?

<p>Chicken (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy value of 100g of meat?

<p>586 kJ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is notable about old world vultures?

<p>Acute vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of birds primarily consumes insects and worms?

<p>Insectivorous birds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element of the diet is critical for the rearing of chick Galliformes?

<p>High protein feed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should fish be fed in intensive culture systems to maximize growth?

<p>5 times per day (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor should be avoided when feeding fish in ponds?

<p>Early morning feeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important rule in fish nutrition to prevent environmental issues?

<p>Avoid overfeeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of feeding fish too infrequently during winter?

<p>Decreased health and growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding method allows fish to self-administer their food?

<p>Demand feeders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice for storing commercial fish feed?

<p>Limit storage to 90 to 100 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to vitamins, proteins, and lipids if fish feed is stored improperly?

<p>They may denature at high temperatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it typically indicate when fish reduce or stop feeding?

<p>There may be underlying issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should fish be fed to minimize waste during feeding?

<p>Only the amount they can consume in less than 25 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sticky problem can result from high moisture in stored fish feed?

<p>Mould growth and feed decomposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a gizzard?

A pouch in the digestive tract of reptiles responsible for the mechanical breakdown of food, using stones or sand swallowed by the animal. It helps facilitate digestion, especially for herbivorous reptiles.

What are the key characteristics of a carnivorous reptile's digestive system?

Reptiles with a diet primarily consisting of meat. Their digestive tracts are relatively short and simple, with a larger stomach and a muscular pylorus.

What are the key characteristics of a herbivorous reptile's digestive system?

A long and complex digestive tract, often longer than carnivores', adapted for digesting plant material. It includes parts like the proximal colon and caecum, which slow down the passage of food and increase absorptive surface area.

How does a reptile's digestive system adapt to its diet?

The digestive tract of reptiles is adapted to their specific dietary needs. Carnivores have a shorter and simpler tract with a larger stomach, while herbivores have a longer and more complex tract to digest plants.

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How are bird digestive systems adapted for flight?

The adaptation of birds to flight has resulted in a lack of teeth, reduced jaw weight, and a specialized gizzard for food grinding. These modifications contribute to the reduction in weight and overall energy efficiency for flying.

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Nutritional environment

The conditions in which a species lives, affecting its survival and reproduction. It includes the availability of food, water, shelter, and other resources.

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Resource abundance

The amount of food or resources available to a species. It can range from abundant to scarce.

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Spatial distribution

The way food or resources are spread across an area. It can be uniform or patchy.

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Timing of availability

The time of year or day when resources are available. It can be consistent or erratic.

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Ectotherms

Animals that regulate their body temperature based on their environment.

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Endotherms

Animals that maintain a constant body temperature regardless of the environment.

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Water content of food

The amount of water in a foodstuff. It affects the nutritional value and durability of the food.

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Dry matter

The non-water components of food, including organic matter (like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and minerals.

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Complete Diet for Farmed Fish

A complete diet provided to farmed fish raised in high-density indoor systems or confined cages, as they cannot forage freely on natural foods. This type of diet typically makes up 1-4% of their body weight daily.

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Supplemental Diets for Fish

Supplementary feeds given to fish raised in ponds or outdoor raceways. These diets are not complete but rather designed to supplement the natural food sources like insects, algae, and small fish.

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First Feeding of Fish Fry

The process of feeding fish larvae immediately after hatching. This stage is particularly crucial, especially for marine fish species with very small eggs. Live feed is essential for these larvae as they are unable to consume particulate feed.

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What are Rotifers and Artemia used for?

Small crustaceans that are commonly used as live feed for fish larvae. They are particularly important for fish with very small eggs that require specialized nutrition during their initial developmental stages.

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Rotifer Breeding in Hatcheries

The process of raising and managing rotifers in fish hatcheries. This is a common practice to ensure a readily available supply of live food for the first feeding of fish larvae.

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Osteophagia

The act of eating bones or antlers, common in various ungulates and other species. A natural source of calcium and phosphorus.

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Geophagia

The deliberate consumption of soil and clay, practiced by various invertebrates and vertebrates worldwide. It serves various purposes, such as mineral supplementation or detoxification.

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Hippo diet – Aquatic plants

Aquatic vegetation is a key food source for hippos, providing essential nutrients like Na, Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, I, and protein. Consumption peaks during the summer.

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Hippos – Scavengers

Hippos are not predators but are known to scavenge meat when food resources or specific nutrients are limited.

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Herbivores

Herbivores primarily consume plants. They can be either browsers, which selectively feed, or grazers, which consume a wider range of plants, including sediment.

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Detritivores

Detritivores feed on decomposing organic matter. They play a vital role in nutrient cycling.

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Carnivores

Carnivores feed on other animals. They can be further classified based on prey types, such as zooplanktivores (feeding on zooplankton) or fish eaters.

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Fish are cold-blooded

Fish are cold-blooded, meaning their body temperature is regulated by the environment. This affects their metabolism, digestion, and other bodily processes.

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Fish excrete ammonia

Fish excrete ammonia through their gills. This is a more energy-efficient process than excreting urea or uric acid.

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Fish – Low calcium & phosphorus needs

Fish have a low need for dietary calcium and phosphorus due to their skeleton and buoyancy. This reduces their energy expenditure for locomotion.

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Continuous Feeding

Fish need to eat almost continuously due to their high energy demands, especially when growing.

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Adjusting Feeding

As fish grow, their feeding frequency and protein content should decrease.

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Frequency and Growth

Feeding fish more frequently increases their growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.

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Intensive Feeding

In intensive fish farming systems, fish are fed up to five times a day for maximum growth.

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Factors Affecting Feeding

Factors like time of day, season, water temperature, and oxygen levels influence feeding rates.

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Overfeeding Problems

Overfeeding leads to wasted feed, water pollution, low oxygen levels, and increased bacteria.

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Avoiding Waste

Fish should be fed the amount they can consume within 25 minutes, preventing wasted feed.

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Automatic Feeders

Automatic feeders distribute feed evenly and efficiently throughout the pond.

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Bulk Feed Storage

Commercial fish feed is bought in bulk and stored in bins for up to 100 days.

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Medicated Feed

Medicated feed is used to treat sick fish with specific therapeutic drugs.

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Birds of Prey

These birds are known for their sharp claws and beaks, designed to catch and tear prey. They typically eat meat and are important predators in their ecosystems.

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New World Vultures

These scavengers have an incredible sense of smell and can detect decaying carcasses from far distances. They play a crucial role in cleaning up the environment.

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Old World Vultures

These scavengers rely on exceptional eyesight to locate carcasses as they lack a strong sense of smell. They have strong feet for grasping and tearing meat efficiently.

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Bone-Digesting Birds

These birds have unique adaptations to consume bone. They have extremely acidic stomach juices that digest the hard bones, providing essential minerals and energy.

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Penguins: Diet

These birds exhibit a diverse diet, often relying on a variety of fish, crustaceans, and other marine animals. Their feeding habits often vary depending on the species and environmental conditions.

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Insectivorous Birds

These birds mainly rely on insects, worms, and other small invertebrates for sustenance. They play a vital role in controlling pest populations.

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Omnivorous Birds

The diet of omnivorous birds is varied and can include plant materials like grains and fruits, along with insects, worms, and small animals. They are adaptable and opportunistic feeders.

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Secretary Bird

This bird is known for its long legs, sharp claws, and powerful beak used to hunt snakes, lizards, and other small prey. Their diet is mostly carnivorous.

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Study Notes

Digestive Systems in Vertebrates

  •  Fish
    • Headgut: Jaws, no stomach in cyclostomes, pharyngeal teeth for grinding food, varying teeth types depending on diet
    • Midgut: Pancreas produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases), gallbladder stores bile for fat digestion
    • Hindgut: Intestines, ceca increase surface area for nutrient absorption; longer intestines in herbivores
    • Specific adaptations include microphagus (filter-feeding) with no teeth and gizzard to grind tough food
  • Amphibians
    • Metamorphosis: Herbivorous larvae transition to carnivorous adults, shortening digestive tract
    • Tadpoles: Herbivorous, diverse feeding strategies, include engulfing prey, using horny teeth to scrape material, and filter feeding
    • Adults: Carnivorous, lack stomach, have gastric region with mucus, proteolytic cathepsin, and low pH; have long intestines
  • Reptiles
    • Mouth: Beak(chelonians), teeth in other groups; some species have teeth that inject toxins or digestive enzymes
    • Glands: In oral cavity to secrete mucus and digestive enzymes (some species). Snakes have a divided lower jaw (and can disarticulate)
    • General: Varied digestive tracts based on diet (carnivores have shorter and simpler tracts, herbivores tend to have longer tracts)
  • Birds
    • Headgut: Salivary glands with lubrication + adhesive substance or amylase; Crop for food storage, Proventriculus for HCL and pepsinogen production, Gizzard for trituration; 2 cecum in herbivorous/invertebrate-feeding birds
    • Midgut: Pancreas along midgut
    • Hindgut: Intestines & cecum; Length dependent on diet (long in herbivores)
    • Modifications for flight: Reduced jaw, gizzard for gritting food
  • Mammals
    • Varied digestive tracts reflecting diverse diets
    • Herbivores – have evolved diverse adaptations for digesting plant material. These can include enlarged forestomachs (ruminants), or hindgut fermentation chambers. (e.g., horses, rabbits)
    • Carnivores – have short simple digestive tracts typically
    • Omnivores - flexible digestive tracts that can manage both plant and animal matter

Feeding Strategies

  • Animals use various strategies to adapt to dietary constraints presented by the environment or their physiological needs.
  • Herbivores: develop sophisticated feeding strategies including long digestive tracts for fermenting plant material or specialized teeth.
  • Carnivores: develop adaptations for catching and quickly consuming other animals (sharp teeth, strong jaws, and other characteristics).
  • Omnivores: Show features of both, and their digestive systems can vary based on which component of their diet (plant or animal) is more prominent.

Key Digestive Concepts in Specific Vertebrates

  • Ruminants: Use a four-chambered stomach with microorganisms for fermenting plant food and then regurgitate to re-chew.
  • Carnivores: Tend to have short, simple digestive tracts and sharp dentition.
  • Birds: Often employ specialized beaks and gizzards or crops.
  • Other ruminants : adaptations reflect their various dietary needs

Additional Notes

  • Many vertebrates have variations in digestive structures and processes to meet their specific nutritional needs and environmental demands.
  • Adaptation in digestive systems are usually connected to their corresponding diet preferences.
  • Specialized digestive systems allow for more effective nutrient absorption.

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Animal Feeding and Nutrition PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the digestive adaptations and nutrition of various animals, including birds, fish, reptiles, and more. This quiz covers essential characteristics, functions, and dietary needs relevant to animal physiology. Challenge yourself to understand how these species thrive in their environments!

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