Animal Physiology and Nutrition Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the gizzard in birds?

Storing food temporarily

Absorbing nutrients

Secreting digestive enzymes

Grinding and crushing food (correct)

Which adaptation helps snakes in the ingestion of prey?

Long tongues for sensing

Poisonous teeth

Divided lower jaw (correct)

Fused jaws

What characteristic is generally found in the digestive tract of carnivorous reptiles?

Developed cecum for fermentation

Short and simple digestive tract (correct)

Complex hindgut structure

Longer midgut

How do the digestive tracts of herbivorous reptiles differ from those of carnivorous reptiles?

Herbivorous tracts have longer hindguts and simpler midguts Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of the beak in birds?

Absence of teeth for ease of movement Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of their body weight are farmed fish typically fed in high density indoor systems?

1-4% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of supplemental diets for fish?

To fortify the naturally available diet Signup and view all the answers

How long does incubation take for fish that spawn large eggs, such as Salmon and Trout?

50-100 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended first feed for very small fry that are spawned from marine species?

Live feed Signup and view all the answers

Which live feed is generally bred in the hatchery for early stage fish?

Rotifers Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases the demand for energy in animals?

Low ambient temperatures Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes an ectothermic animal's metabolism?

It increases with rising environmental temperatures Signup and view all the answers

Why is the water content of food an important factor in animal nutrition?

It determines the durability and nutritional value Signup and view all the answers

What do lactating female seals utilize from their body to produce milk while fasting?

Body fat and protein Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about high ambient temperatures for animals?

They increase the need for water for cooling. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between dry matter and nutritional content?

Dry matter consists of organic matter and minerals. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does NOT need to be understood for effective wildlife management?

The historical context of human interaction. Signup and view all the answers

How does the spatial distribution of resources impact animal populations?

Patchy distribution can create competition for resources. Signup and view all the answers

What type of feeding behavior involves the deliberate consumption of soil and clay?

Geophagia Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis is NOT associated with the practice of geophagia?

Tooth abrasion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species has shown evidence of osteophagia?

Cows Signup and view all the answers

In aquaculture, which species is among the top farmed freshwater fish?

Tilapia Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all bony fishes are classified as herbivores?

Less than 5% Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding strategy involves fish optimizing their energy expenditure versus nutrient return?

Foraging optimization Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the moment of osteophagia usage by different species?

Calcium and phosphorus needs Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic waste do fish primarily excrete via their gills?

Ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of geophagia?

Energetic costs Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding type involves consuming decomposing organic matter?

Detritivores Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bones is made up of water?

49% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vulture has an excellent sense of smell?

New world vultures Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary food sources for omnivorous Galliformes birds?

Insects Signup and view all the answers

Which food item is NOT typically included in the zoo diet for penguins?

Chicken Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy value of 100g of meat?

586 kJ Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is notable about old world vultures?

Acute vision Signup and view all the answers

Which group of birds primarily consumes insects and worms?

Insectivorous birds Signup and view all the answers

What element of the diet is critical for the rearing of chick Galliformes?

High protein feed Signup and view all the answers

How often should fish be fed in intensive culture systems to maximize growth?

5 times per day Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor should be avoided when feeding fish in ponds?

Early morning feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important rule in fish nutrition to prevent environmental issues?

Avoid overfeeding Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of feeding fish too infrequently during winter?

Decreased health and growth Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding method allows fish to self-administer their food?

Demand feeders Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice for storing commercial fish feed?

Limit storage to 90 to 100 days Signup and view all the answers

What happens to vitamins, proteins, and lipids if fish feed is stored improperly?

They may denature at high temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What does it typically indicate when fish reduce or stop feeding?

There may be underlying issues Signup and view all the answers

What should fish be fed to minimize waste during feeding?

Only the amount they can consume in less than 25 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which sticky problem can result from high moisture in stored fish feed?

Mould growth and feed decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestive Systems in Vertebrates

Fish
- Headgut: Jaws, no stomach in cyclostomes, pharyngeal teeth for grinding food, varying teeth types depending on diet
- Midgut: Pancreas produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases), gallbladder stores bile for fat digestion
- Hindgut: Intestines, ceca increase surface area for nutrient absorption; longer intestines in herbivores
- Specific adaptations include microphagus (filter-feeding) with no teeth and gizzard to grind tough food
Amphibians
- Metamorphosis: Herbivorous larvae transition to carnivorous adults, shortening digestive tract
- Tadpoles: Herbivorous, diverse feeding strategies, include engulfing prey, using horny teeth to scrape material, and filter feeding
- Adults: Carnivorous, lack stomach, have gastric region with mucus, proteolytic cathepsin, and low pH; have long intestines
Reptiles
- Mouth: Beak(chelonians), teeth in other groups; some species have teeth that inject toxins or digestive enzymes
- Glands: In oral cavity to secrete mucus and digestive enzymes (some species). Snakes have a divided lower jaw (and can disarticulate)
- General: Varied digestive tracts based on diet (carnivores have shorter and simpler tracts, herbivores tend to have longer tracts)
Birds
- Headgut: Salivary glands with lubrication + adhesive substance or amylase; Crop for food storage, Proventriculus for HCL and pepsinogen production, Gizzard for trituration; 2 cecum in herbivorous/invertebrate-feeding birds
- Midgut: Pancreas along midgut
- Hindgut: Intestines & cecum; Length dependent on diet (long in herbivores)
- Modifications for flight: Reduced jaw, gizzard for gritting food
Mammals
- Varied digestive tracts reflecting diverse diets
- Herbivores – have evolved diverse adaptations for digesting plant material. These can include enlarged forestomachs (ruminants), or hindgut fermentation chambers. (e.g., horses, rabbits)
- Carnivores – have short simple digestive tracts typically
- Omnivores - flexible digestive tracts that can manage both plant and animal matter

Feeding Strategies

Animals use various strategies to adapt to dietary constraints presented by the environment or their physiological needs.
Herbivores: develop sophisticated feeding strategies including long digestive tracts for fermenting plant material or specialized teeth.
Carnivores: develop adaptations for catching and quickly consuming other animals (sharp teeth, strong jaws, and other characteristics).
Omnivores: Show features of both, and their digestive systems can vary based on which component of their diet (plant or animal) is more prominent.

Key Digestive Concepts in Specific Vertebrates

Ruminants: Use a four-chambered stomach with microorganisms for fermenting plant food and then regurgitate to re-chew.
Carnivores: Tend to have short, simple digestive tracts and sharp dentition.
Birds: Often employ specialized beaks and gizzards or crops.
Other ruminants : adaptations reflect their various dietary needs

Additional Notes

Many vertebrates have variations in digestive structures and processes to meet their specific nutritional needs and environmental demands.
Adaptation in digestive systems are usually connected to their corresponding diet preferences.
Specialized digestive systems allow for more effective nutrient absorption.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the digestive adaptations and nutrition of various animals, including birds, fish, reptiles, and more. This quiz covers essential characteristics, functions, and dietary needs relevant to animal physiology. Challenge yourself to understand how these species thrive in their environments!