Animal Nutrition Theory Unit 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of metabolic water in animal nutrition?

It is the primary source of calories in animals.

It provides hydration and aids in metabolic processes. (correct)

It helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates only.

It is only important during periods of starvation.

Which measure of food energy accounts for energy lost in feces, urine, and gases?

Gross energy

Digestible energy

Net energy

Metabolizable energy (correct)

Which term best describes the process of improving the nutritive value of inferior quality roughages?

Caloric restriction

Nutritional supplementation

Feed technology (correct)

Protein evaluation

What does the biological value of protein assess in animal feeds?

The proportion of protein that can be utilized for growth and maintenance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following minerals is classified as a major element in animal nutrition?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in animal nutrition?

Source of energy for muscular activity Signup and view all the answers

In the context of animal nutrition, what is the primary focus of calorimetry?

To assess the energy expenditure of various animals. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate cannot be broken down by hydrolysis?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

How do carbohydrates impact protein metabolism?

They provide a protein sparing effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the protein efficiency ratio?

The amount of weight gain per unit of protein consumed. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the essential classification of carbohydrates based on carbon atoms.

Trioses, Tetroses, Pentoses, Hexoses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common feed processing method for improving feed quality?

Chemical poisoning Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid types are recognized as unsaturated?

Oleic and linoleic acids Signup and view all the answers

What role do vitamins serve in animal metabolism?

Components of enzyme systems Signup and view all the answers

In what way do unsaturated fats differ from saturated fats?

Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature Signup and view all the answers

What substance is ribose synthesized from within carbohydrates?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that fats are solid at room temperature while oils are liquid?

Fats have a higher melting point than oils. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'feed efficiency' express?

The ratio of feed units required for production units. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes ingredients suitable for animal feed but not for human consumption?

Feed grade Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of flavouring agents in animal feed?

To increase palatability and feed intake. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'fermented' indicate in the context of food processing?

The action of microorganisms on a substance. Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily measured by 'gross energy' (GE) in feed?

The energy released as heat during oxidation. Signup and view all the answers

Which component primarily makes up the fibrous content in feed?

Cellulose and lignin. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes what 'groats' are?

Grains from which the hulls have been removed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary end product of carbohydrate digestion in the rumen?

Volatile fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

In terms of volatile fatty acids, which dietary change would most likely result in an increased production of propionic acid?

Increase in concentrates Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for breaking down cellulose into cellobiose in the rumen?

Beta 1,4 glucosidase Signup and view all the answers

Which gas makes up the largest proportion in the rumen gas composition?

Carbon Dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What condition is specifically characterized by the accumulation of gas in the rumen?

Bloat Signup and view all the answers

How much methane is produced for every 100 grams of carbohydrate digested in the rumen?

4.5 grams Signup and view all the answers

Which short chain fatty acid is produced in the highest proportion when mature forages are consumed?

Acetic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bloat occurs due to the presence of foam caused by antinutritional factors like saponin?

Frothy bloat Signup and view all the answers

What does the digestion coefficient measure?

The nutrients consumed minus the nutrients excreted expressed as a percentage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines dry matter?

The total weight of the feed minus the water content. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of energy feeds?

Low in fiber and high in energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about essential amino acids is true?

They must be obtained from the diet. Signup and view all the answers

How is the expeller process best described?

Mechanical extraction of oil using a screw press. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an essential fatty acid?

Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the ether extract (EE)?

It consists of fatty substances that dissolve in ether. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of extruded feed?

Processed by forcing through a die under pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Principles of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology

Animal nutrition is pivotal for livestock and poultry health and production.
Nutrients are crucial for maintaining animal health and enhancing productivity.
Animals' body and plant composition includes essential nutrients with specific roles.

Nutritional Components

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are primary nutrients with distinct functions.
Water, including metabolic water, plays a vital role in overall health.
Minerals (major and trace) and vitamins are essential for health; their requirements vary by species.

Feed Classification and Energy Measures

Common feeds for livestock and poultry are classified based on availability and importance.
Measures of food energy include gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy, and total digestible nutrients.

Protein Evaluation

Protein quality is assessed using biological value, protein efficiency ratio, and digestible crude protein.
Calorie-protein ratio and nutritive ratio are used to evaluate protein sources.

Feed Technology Overview

The feed industry involves processing concentrates and roughages to improve nutrient absorption.
Techniques for enhancing low-quality roughages include various physical, chemical, and biological methods.

Feed Composition Terminology

Dry matter refers to the non-water content of feed, calculated by subtracting water percentage from 100.
Feed efficiency measures the conversion ratio of feed to animal production (meat, milk, eggs).
Essential amino acids and fatty acids must be supplied through diet as they cannot be synthesized by the body.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; they serve as the primary energy source for animals.
Functions include energy provision for muscle activity, fat oxidation, and metabolic stability.

Carbohydrate Classification

Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules, categorized by carbon count: trioses (3), tetroses (4), pentoses (5), and hexoses (6).
Complex carbohydrates involve digestion via microbial enzymes in the rumen.

Rumen Carbohydrate Digestion

Initial breakdown converts complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, enhancing microbial enzymatic action.
Short-chain volatile fatty acids (VFA) such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acid are major end products of carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen.

Rumen Gas Dynamics

Gas production (approximately 30 liters/hour) varies with feed type; consists mainly of CO2 (40%) and CH4 (30-40%).
Eructation is the primary method for gas release, with conditions like bloat resulting from gas accumulation.

Methane Production

Produced by methanogenic bacteria, methane contributes to energy loss (approx. 7% of total feed energy) during digestion.
Methane generation equates to about 4.5 grams per 100 grams of carbohydrate digested in ruminants.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the principles of animal nutrition and feed technology as outlined in the Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. It is designed to test knowledge based on the Veterinary Council of India's standards. Prepare to delve into the essential concepts of animal nutrition and their application in veterinary science.