Animal Nutrition: The Digestive System
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What is the primary function of peristalsis in the digestive system?

  • To break down food into smaller pieces
  • To mix food with digestive enzymes in the stomach
  • To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
  • To force food through the oesophagus to the stomach (correct)

    • Which component is essential in the diet to stimulate peristalsis?

  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fibre (correct)
  • Fats

    • What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

  • To absorb nutrients
  • To activate pepsinogen into pepsin (correct)
  • To digest carbohydrates
  • To neutralize stomach pH

    • What is the consistency of the food after it is churned in the stomach?

    <p>Chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the stomach protected from the effects of pepsin and hydrochloric acid?

    <p>It is lined with a protective mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the products of the liver and pancreas enter the digestive system?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pancreatic amylase?

    <p>To digest carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pepsin is identified as which type of enzyme?

    <p>Protein-digesting enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile in the duodenum?

    <p>To emulsify fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT a function of the liver?

    <p>Producing insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up bile?

    <p>Water, bile salts, and bile pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which major vessels does the liver receive blood?

    <p>Hepatic artery and hepatic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lipase in digestion?

    <p>To digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to glucose in the liver when it is in excess?

    <p>It is converted to glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of bile?

    <p>Emulsifying fats for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is produced by the liver to help form hormones?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the duodenum?

    <p>Digestion of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a product of protein digestion?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ileum facilitate absorption?

    <p>By having numerous villi and microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Hepatic Portal Vein serve in nutrient absorption?

    <p>Transport of glucose and amino acids to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of the small intestine?

    <p>6 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the villi in the ileum primarily designed for?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are enclosed and absorbed by lacteals in the ileum?

    <p>Fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the symbiotic bacteria found in the large intestine?

    <p>They synthesize some B group vitamins and vitamin K.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT part of a balanced diet?

    <p>Sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor affects the total amount of food a person requires?

    <p>Activity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits the term *mutualistic in relation to the bacteria in our gut?

    <p>Both bacteria and humans benefit from the relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do young people generally require more food compared to older individuals?

    <p>They have a higher metabolic rate due to growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a function that the appendix might still serve?

    <p>Potential role in gut flora maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients is NOT considered essential in a balanced diet?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health condition might lead to a reduced food requirement?

    <p>Chronic illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term autotrophic refer to in terms of nutrition?

    <p>Organisms that make their own food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes heterotrophic nutrition?

    <p>Taking in food from the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heterotrophs are cattle and rabbits classified as?

    <p>Herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is an example of a carnivore?

    <p>Dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes omnivores from other types of heterotrophs?

    <p>They consume both plants and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms can be classified as autotrophs?

    <p>Plants and some bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct regarding herbivores?

    <p>They primarily feed on plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of nutrition, which of these organisms is a heterotroph?

    <p>A rabbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of digestion in the human body?

    <p>To allow small molecules of food to be absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of teeth are used primarily to cut and slice food?

    <p>Incisors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of digestion that occurs in the human body?

    <p>Psychological digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of canines in the digestion process?

    <p>To grip and tear food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does absorption primarily take place in the digestive system?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of digestion is conducted primarily by enzymes?

    <p>Chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the expulsion of unabsorbed waste from the body?

    <p>Egestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Animal Nutrition (The Digestive System)

    • Types of Nutrition:

      • Autotrophic: Organisms make their own food (e.g., plants, some bacteria).
      • Heterotrophic: Organisms obtain food from their environment.
        • Herbivores: Feed only on plants (e.g., cattle, rabbits).
        • Carnivores: Feed only on other animals (e.g., dogs, cats).
        • Omnivores: Feed on both plants and animals (e.g., badgers, foxes).

    • Events in Human Nutrition:

      • Ingestion: Taking food into the mouth.
      • Digestion: Physical and chemical breakdown of food.
        • Mechanical digestion: Physically breaking down food (e.g., teeth, churning).
        • Chemical digestion: Chemical breakdown of food by enzymes.
      • Absorption: Food passage from the small intestine to the blood or lymph systems.
      • Egestion: Removal of unabsorbed waste from the body.

    • Digestion Necessity:

      • Digestion is crucial for allowing small food molecules to be absorbed through the intestinal walls.

    The Digestive System

    • Organs:
      • Mouth: Mechanical digestion (teeth), chemical digestion (amylase).
      • Oesophagus: Transports food to the stomach (peristalsis).
      • Stomach: Mechanical and chemical digestion (churning, pepsin).
      • Pancreas: Produces enzymes (amylase, lipase) and hormones.
      • Liver: Produces bile, detoxifies, and stores glycogen.
      • Small Intestine (Duodenum, Ileum): Chemical digestion (various enzymes), absorption.
      • Large Intestine (Colon, Rectum): Reabsorbs water, forms feces.
      • Anus: Excretion of feces.

    Types of Teeth

    • Incisors : Cutting and slicing food.
    • Canines: Gripping and tearing food.
    • Premolars: Chewing, crushing, and grinding food.
    • Molars: Chewing, crushing, and grinding food (largest).

    Enzymes

    • Enzyme Summary Table:

      • Enzyme | Source | pH | Substrate | Product
      • Pepsin | Stomach lining | 2 | Protein | Peptides
      • Amylase | Salivary Glands/Pancreas | 7-8 | Starch | Maltose
      • Lipase | Pancreas | 7-8 | Fat | Fatty Acids and Glycerol

    • Oesophagus:

      • Involuntary muscle contractions (peristalsis) push food through.
      • Fibre is essential for stimulating peristalsis.

    • Stomach:

      • Muscular bag for 2-4 hours. Mechanical digestion (churning) and chemical processes (enzymes).

    • Pepsinogen/Pepsin:

      • Pepsinogen is an inactive enzyme activated to pepsin by stomach acid. Pepsin digests proteins into peptides.

    • Pancreas: Produces insulin, and enzymes like amylase and lipase (to replace salivary amylase) for digestion.

    Liver

    • Functions: Blood filtration, bile production, detoxification.
    • Bile: Emulsifies fats, neutralises stomach acid and eliminates bile pigments.
    • Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. it is released through the bile duct in the duodenum.

    Small intestine (Ileum)

    • Ileum: Site of significant nutrient absorption.
    • High surface area for absorption (villi and microvilli).
    • Thin walls for efficient nutrient transfer.

    Large intestine (Colon)

    • Functions: Water reabsorption, waste compaction, and vitamin absorption.
    • Symbiotic Bacteria: Bacteria in the colon benefit both humans & themselves.
      • Some produce vitamins (vitamin K and B vitamins).
      • Others digest cellulose.

    Balanced Diet

    • Components: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water.
    • Factors influencing food requirements include: Age, activity level, gender, and health.

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    Animal Nutrition (The Digestive System) Past Paper PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the various types of nutrition in animals, including autotrophic and heterotrophic classifications. It also covers human nutrition events such as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion. Test your knowledge on the digestive processes and their significance!

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