Animal Nutrition: The Digestive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of peristalsis in the digestive system?

  • To break down food into smaller pieces
  • To mix food with digestive enzymes in the stomach
  • To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
  • To force food through the oesophagus to the stomach (correct)

Which component is essential in the diet to stimulate peristalsis?

  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fibre (correct)
  • Fats

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

  • To absorb nutrients
  • To activate pepsinogen into pepsin (correct)
  • To digest carbohydrates
  • To neutralize stomach pH

What is the consistency of the food after it is churned in the stomach?

<p>Chyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the stomach protected from the effects of pepsin and hydrochloric acid?

<p>It is lined with a protective mucous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the products of the liver and pancreas enter the digestive system?

<p>Duodenum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pancreatic amylase?

<p>To digest carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pepsin is identified as which type of enzyme?

<p>Protein-digesting enzyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile in the duodenum?

<p>To emulsify fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT a function of the liver?

<p>Producing insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components make up bile?

<p>Water, bile salts, and bile pigments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which major vessels does the liver receive blood?

<p>Hepatic artery and hepatic vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lipase in digestion?

<p>To digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glucose in the liver when it is in excess?

<p>It is converted to glycogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of bile?

<p>Emulsifying fats for digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is produced by the liver to help form hormones?

<p>Cholesterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the duodenum?

<p>Digestion of food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of protein digestion?

<p>Amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ileum facilitate absorption?

<p>By having numerous villi and microvilli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Hepatic Portal Vein serve in nutrient absorption?

<p>Transport of glucose and amino acids to the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the small intestine?

<p>6 meters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the villi in the ileum primarily designed for?

<p>Absorption of nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are enclosed and absorbed by lacteals in the ileum?

<p>Fatty acids and glycerol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the symbiotic bacteria found in the large intestine?

<p>They synthesize some B group vitamins and vitamin K. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of a balanced diet?

<p>Sugars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor affects the total amount of food a person requires?

<p>Activity levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits the term *mutualistic in relation to the bacteria in our gut?

<p>Both bacteria and humans benefit from the relationship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do young people generally require more food compared to older individuals?

<p>They have a higher metabolic rate due to growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a function that the appendix might still serve?

<p>Potential role in gut flora maintenance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is NOT considered essential in a balanced diet?

<p>Alcohol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health condition might lead to a reduced food requirement?

<p>Chronic illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term autotrophic refer to in terms of nutrition?

<p>Organisms that make their own food. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes heterotrophic nutrition?

<p>Taking in food from the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of heterotrophs are cattle and rabbits classified as?

<p>Herbivores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is an example of a carnivore?

<p>Dogs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes omnivores from other types of heterotrophs?

<p>They consume both plants and animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms can be classified as autotrophs?

<p>Plants and some bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct regarding herbivores?

<p>They primarily feed on plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nutrition, which of these organisms is a heterotroph?

<p>A rabbit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of digestion in the human body?

<p>To allow small molecules of food to be absorbed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food?

<p>Digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of teeth are used primarily to cut and slice food?

<p>Incisors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of digestion that occurs in the human body?

<p>Psychological digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of canines in the digestion process?

<p>To grip and tear food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does absorption primarily take place in the digestive system?

<p>Small intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of digestion is conducted primarily by enzymes?

<p>Chemical digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the expulsion of unabsorbed waste from the body?

<p>Egestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Peristalsis

The wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the oesophagus to the stomach.

Fibre's role in Peristalsis

Fibre stimulates muscle contractions in the digestive tract, aiding in moving food through the system.

Stomach function

A muscular bag that holds food for 2-4 hours, mixing it mechanically (churning) to turn it into chyme and chemically (using enzymes) digesting it .

Mechanical Digestion (stomach)

The physical breakdown of food through churning movements in the stomach.

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Chyme

The liquid form of food that results from mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach.

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Pepsinogen

An inactive enzyme produced by stomach glands, activated to pepsin by acid.

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Stomach protection

The stomach lining is protected from its own digestive juices by a protective mucous barrier.

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Pancreas function

Produces enzymes (like amylase and lipase) and hormones (like insulin) for digestion and blood sugar control.

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Pancreatic Lipase

An enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks down fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol.

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Liver's Role in Digestion

The liver produces bile, a substance crucial for the breakdown and absorption of fats in the small intestine.

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Bile Function

Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area for lipase to work more efficiently.

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Where is Bile Made?

Bile is produced in the liver.

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Where is Bile Stored?

Bile is stored in the gallbladder.

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Where is Bile Released?

Bile is released into the small intestine (duodenum) through the bile duct.

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Deamination

The breakdown of unnecessary amino acids in the liver into urea, a waste product excreted by the kidneys.

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Liver's Other Functions

Besides bile production, the liver also detoxifies poisons, breaks down old red blood cells, converts glucose to glycogen, and produces plasma proteins like fibrinogen, which helps with blood clotting.

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Small Intestine's Size

The small intestine, despite its name, is very long (about 6 meters) but has a relatively small diameter (about 3 centimeters).

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Duodenum's Role

The first part of the small intestine (25cm) called the duodenum, is responsible for further digestion.

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Duodenum's Actions

The duodenum mixes food by peristalsis (muscle contractions) and releases various digestive enzymes.

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Final Products of Digestion

Carbohydrates break down into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.

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Ileum's Function

The second part of the small intestine, the ileum, is responsible for absorbing nutrients.

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Villi: Surface Area Boosters

The ileum's surface area is maximized by folds called villi, increasing nutrient absorption.

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Microvilli: Even More Absorption

Villi have even smaller finger-like projections called microvilli, further increasing the surface area for absorption.

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From Villi to Bloodstream

Glucose and amino acids travel from the villi to the bloodstream via the Hepatic Portal Vein, while fatty acids and glycerol go through lacteals.

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Ingestion

The process of taking food into the mouth.

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Digestion

The breakdown of food into smaller molecules, both physically and chemically.

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Absorption

The intake of digested food from the small intestine into the bloodstream or the lymph system.

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Egestion

The removal of undigested waste from the body through the anus.

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Mechanical Digestion

The physical breakdown of food by chewing, churning in the stomach, and bile.

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Chemical Digestion

The breakdown of food using enzymes.

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Types of Teeth

Humans have four types of teeth: incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, premolars for chewing, and molars for grinding.

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Mouth's Role

The mouth is where mechanical digestion begins with teeth, and salivary glands produce enzymes for chemical digestion.

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Caecum Function

The caecum is a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine. Its exact function isn't fully understood, but it may play a role in absorbing water and processing some food materials.

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Appendix Function

The appendix, a small finger-like projection off the caecum, is also not fully understood in terms of its function. It may have a role in storing beneficial bacteria.

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Faeces

Faeces, also known as stool, is the semi-solid waste material stored in the rectum and expelled from the body through the anus.

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Symbiotic Bacteria

The large intestine is home to a vast amount of beneficial bacteria, living in a mutually beneficial relationship with us. This is known as a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship.

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How do Bacteria Benefit Us?

The bacteria in our gut produce some B vitamins and vitamin K, and they also break down small amounts of cellulose.

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Balanced Diet

A balanced diet includes the right amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water.

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Factors Affecting Food Intake

Factors like age, activity levels, gender, and health influence how much food a person needs.

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Autotrophic Nutrition

Organisms that make their own food through processes like photosynthesis. Examples include plants and certain bacteria.

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Heterotrophic Nutrition

Organisms that obtain nutrients from their environment by consuming other organisms. Examples include animals, fungi, and some bacteria.

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Herbivores

A type of heterotrophic organism that consumes only plants. Examples include cows, rabbits, and horses.

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Carnivores

A type of heterotrophic organism that consumes other animals. Examples include lions, sharks, and eagles.

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Omnivores

A type of heterotrophic organism that consumes both plants and animals. Examples include humans, pigs, and bears.

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What defines a balanced diet?

A balanced diet provides all the essential nutrients needed for proper growth, development, and function of the body. It should include adequate proportions of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

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Nutrition

The process of taking in and using food for growth, development, and maintenance of life.

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Digestive System

A complex system of organs working together to break down food into nutrients the body can absorb.

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Study Notes

Animal Nutrition (The Digestive System)

  • Types of Nutrition:

    • Autotrophic: Organisms make their own food (e.g., plants, some bacteria).
    • Heterotrophic: Organisms obtain food from their environment.
      • Herbivores: Feed only on plants (e.g., cattle, rabbits).
      • Carnivores: Feed only on other animals (e.g., dogs, cats).
      • Omnivores: Feed on both plants and animals (e.g., badgers, foxes).

  • Events in Human Nutrition:

    • Ingestion: Taking food into the mouth.
    • Digestion: Physical and chemical breakdown of food.
      • Mechanical digestion: Physically breaking down food (e.g., teeth, churning).
      • Chemical digestion: Chemical breakdown of food by enzymes.
    • Absorption: Food passage from the small intestine to the blood or lymph systems.
    • Egestion: Removal of unabsorbed waste from the body.

  • Digestion Necessity:

    • Digestion is crucial for allowing small food molecules to be absorbed through the intestinal walls.

The Digestive System

  • Organs:
    • Mouth: Mechanical digestion (teeth), chemical digestion (amylase).
    • Oesophagus: Transports food to the stomach (peristalsis).
    • Stomach: Mechanical and chemical digestion (churning, pepsin).
    • Pancreas: Produces enzymes (amylase, lipase) and hormones.
    • Liver: Produces bile, detoxifies, and stores glycogen.
    • Small Intestine (Duodenum, Ileum): Chemical digestion (various enzymes), absorption.
    • Large Intestine (Colon, Rectum): Reabsorbs water, forms feces.
    • Anus: Excretion of feces.

Types of Teeth

  • Incisors : Cutting and slicing food.
  • Canines: Gripping and tearing food.
  • Premolars: Chewing, crushing, and grinding food.
  • Molars: Chewing, crushing, and grinding food (largest).

Enzymes

  • Enzyme Summary Table:

    • Enzyme | Source | pH | Substrate | Product
    • Pepsin | Stomach lining | 2 | Protein | Peptides
    • Amylase | Salivary Glands/Pancreas | 7-8 | Starch | Maltose
    • Lipase | Pancreas | 7-8 | Fat | Fatty Acids and Glycerol

  • Oesophagus:

    • Involuntary muscle contractions (peristalsis) push food through.
    • Fibre is essential for stimulating peristalsis.

  • Stomach:

    • Muscular bag for 2-4 hours. Mechanical digestion (churning) and chemical processes (enzymes).

  • Pepsinogen/Pepsin:

    • Pepsinogen is an inactive enzyme activated to pepsin by stomach acid. Pepsin digests proteins into peptides.

  • Pancreas: Produces insulin, and enzymes like amylase and lipase (to replace salivary amylase) for digestion.

Liver

  • Functions: Blood filtration, bile production, detoxification.
  • Bile: Emulsifies fats, neutralises stomach acid and eliminates bile pigments.
  • Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. it is released through the bile duct in the duodenum.

Small intestine (Ileum)

  • Ileum: Site of significant nutrient absorption.
  • High surface area for absorption (villi and microvilli).
  • Thin walls for efficient nutrient transfer.

Large intestine (Colon)

  • Functions: Water reabsorption, waste compaction, and vitamin absorption.
  • Symbiotic Bacteria: Bacteria in the colon benefit both humans & themselves.
    • Some produce vitamins (vitamin K and B vitamins).
    • Others digest cellulose.

Balanced Diet

  • Components: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water.
  • Factors influencing food requirements include: Age, activity level, gender, and health.

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Animal Nutrition (The Digestive System) Past Paper PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on the various types of nutrition in animals, including autotrophic and heterotrophic classifications. It also covers human nutrition events such as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion. Test your knowledge on the digestive processes and their significance!

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