Animal Nutrition: Key Terms

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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions in animal nutrition:

Nutrient = Chemical substances found in feed material necessary for growth, maintenance, and production. Feed = Any naturally occurring ingredient or mixture of ingredients fed to animals for nourishment. Ration = The amount of feed an animal receives in a 24-hour period. Feedstuff = Any component of a diet (ration) that serves some useful function when combined to produce rations.

Match the following terms related to feed analysis with their descriptions:

As-fed = Feed as it is normally fed to animals, including moisture content. Dry Matter = Total weight of feed minus the weight of water in the feed. Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) = Measure of the energy value in a feedstuff. Digestibility = Quantification of the digestive process and extent to which ingested food and its nutrient components are absorbed by the animal.

Match the following terms related to feed efficiency with their meanings:

Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) = The rate at which an animal converts feed into meat or product. Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) = The ability of an animal to convert feed eaten into flesh or weight gain. Gross Energy (GE) = Total energy present in a feed before accounting for any losses. Net Energy (NE) = The amount of energy in feed actually available for maintenance, growth, and production.

Match the following energy terms with their definitions:

Digestible Energy (DE) = The actual amount of energy from feed that the animal can use, estimated by subtracting energy loss in feces from gross energy intake. Metabolizable Energy (ME) = Gross feed energy minus the energy lost in feces, urine, and gaseous products. Net Energy (NE) = Amount of energy in feed actually available for maintenance, growth, and production. This is ME minus the heat increment of feeding. Gross Energy (GE) = The total energy in a feedstuff, measured by complete combustion in a calorimeter. Signup and view all the answers

Match the classes of feedstuff with their descriptions:

Dry Roughages = Bulky feeds with low weight per unit volume, high in crude fiber content. Succulent Roughages = Includes pasture grasses and fresh legumes. High Energy Concentrates = Cereal grains and milling by-products of cereal grains; typically high in carbohydrate or fat content. Protein Concentrates = Feedstuffs containing more than 20% crude protein, such as oil seeds and their meals. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following feedstuff examples with their classes:

Hay = Dry Roughage Pasture Grasses = Succulent Roughage Molasses = High Energy Concentrate Soybean Meal (SBM) = Protein Concentrate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with a correct example:

Dry Roughage = Straw Succulent Roughage = Tree Leaves Ensiled Roughage = Silage Protein Concentrate = Fish Meal Signup and view all the answers

Match the vitamin and mineral supplements sources with their descriptions:

Plant Sources = Vitamin concentration can be affected by harvesting, processing, and storing. Animal Sources = Liver and kidney are typically good sources of vitamins. Mineral Supplements = Essential for bone development and metabolic processes. Vitamins = Can be significantly impacted by storage and processing techniques. Signup and view all the answers

Match the different feed additives with their primary functions:

Antibiotics = Control bacterial infections and improve growth performance. Probiotics = Improve gut health and microbial balance. Buffers = Help regulate pH in the digestive system. Enzymes = Improve digestion of specific feed components. Signup and view all the answers

Match the classification of feedstuff with its description.

Ensiled Roughages = Fermented high moisture feed made from plant material, like silage. High Energy Concentrates = Cereal grains and milling by-products, rich in carbohydrates and fats. Protein Concentrates/Supplements = Feedstuffs with more than 20% crude protein, such as oil seeds and their meals. Feed Additives = Non-nutritive ingredients to stimulate growth, performance, or feed efficiency. Signup and view all the answers

Match the feed class with its crude fiber and total digestible nutrient (TDN) composition:

Roughage = Contains > 18% crude fiber. Concentrates = Typically have a TDN greater than 70%. Dry Roughages = Bulky feed with low weight per unit volume. Protein Concentrates = Contain > 20% crude protein. Signup and view all the answers

Match each dry roughage example with its origin:

Hay = Dried grasses or legumes, cut and dried for animal feed. Straw = Dried stalks of cereal plants after the grain has been harvested. Sugarcane Bagasse = Fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. Corn Cobs = The central core of an ear of corn, remaining after the kernels have been removed. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following animal types with the average percentage of water in their bodies:

Calf (newborn) = 74% Steer (thin) = 64% Pig (8kg) = 73% Hen = 56% Signup and view all the answers

Match the dry matter percentage ranges with the correct classifications of silages/haylages:

Silage = 20-45% DM. Haylage = 50-75% DM. Dry Roughage = Above 85% DM. High Moisture Grain = 65-75% DM. Signup and view all the answers

Match each term with the components used to calculate it:

Digestible Energy (DE) = Gross Energy - Fecal Energy Metabolizable Energy (ME) = Gross Energy - Fecal Energy - Urine Energy - Gaseous Energy Net Energy (NE) = Metabolizable Energy - Heat Increment Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) = Digestible Protein + Digestible Fiber + Digestible Nitrogen-Free Extract + (2.25 x Digestible Fat) Signup and view all the answers

Match the source with whether it is a high energy or a protein concentrate:

Cereal Grains = High Energy Concentrate Oilseed Meals = Protein Concentrate Molasses = High Energy Concentrate Animal By-Products = Protein Concentrate Signup and view all the answers

Match the function to the class of feed additive:

Improve gut health = Probiotics Prevent fungal growth = Antifungals Improve nutrient digestion = Enzymes Regulate digestive pH = Buffers Signup and view all the answers

Match each element with its major function in animals:

Calcium = Bone development and muscle contraction. Phosphorus = Energy utilization and bone matrix. Potassium = Fluid balance and nerve function. Sodium = Osmotic balance and nutrient transport. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following animals with the general protein concentration in their body composition:

Hen = 21% Man = 18% Calf (new born) = 19% Steer (thin) = 19% Signup and view all the answers

Match these feedstuffs with their classification based on dry matter:

Hay = Dry Roughage Silage = Ensiled Roughage Pasture = Succulent Roughage Cereal Grain = High-Energy Concentrate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with what is removed when you convert to that term::

As-fed = Nothing removed. Dry Matter = Water Digestible energy = Energy lost in feces. Metabolizable Energy = Energy lost in feces, urine, and gaseous products. Signup and view all the answers

Match each feed additive with an example of when its use would be most applicable.

Antibiotics = Use during a bacterial disease outbreak. Probiotics = Use during periods of digestive upset. Buffers = Used during periods of high grain feeding. Enzymes = Use when a diet contains high concentration of a poorly digested component, such as fiber. Signup and view all the answers

Match the animal with a typical concentrate used in their diet.

Poultry = Corn Swine = Soybean Meal Dairy Cattle = Corn Silage Beef Cattle = Barley Signup and view all the answers

Match the feeding term with its meaning:

Ad libitum = Free choice feeding. Maintenance Ration = A ration that only sustains life. Balanced Ration = A ration that meets all nutrient requirements. Forage = Plant-based foods, like hay. Signup and view all the answers

Match the description of an animal based on body composition:

Thin Steer = Lower percentage of fat in the body. Fat Steer = Higher percentage of fat in the body. Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with the dry matter percentage:

Pasture = Low dry matter (~20%) Hay = High dry matter (~90%) Silage = Moderate dry matter (~35%) Haylage = Moderate-high dry matter (~60%) Signup and view all the answers

Match the definition with the energy term:

Heat increment = The heat produced from digestion. Gross Energy = The amount of heat produced when something combusts. Digestible Energy = The energy available after fecal loss is considered. Net Energy = Is the energy available for the animal to use for maintenance or production Signup and view all the answers

Match the animal production type with its typical feed conversion ratio.

Beef Production = High feed conversion ratio (~6-10:1) Poultry Production = Low feed conversion ratio (~1.5-2:1) Dairy Production = Moderate feed conversion ratio (~2-3:1) Swine Production = Moderate feed conversion ratio (~3-4:1) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nutrient(s)

Chemical substances in feed material that are essential for growth, maintenance, production, and health. Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, and vitamins.

Feed

Any naturally occurring ingredient or mixture of ingredients fed to animals for the purpose of nourishing them.

Ration

The amount of feed an animal receives in a 24-hour period.

Feedstuff

Any component of a diet (ration) that serves some useful function and is combined to produce rations.