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Questions and Answers
What are the three primary germ layers formed during embryonic development?
What are the three primary germ layers formed during embryonic development?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Explain the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes in terms of their developmental processes.
Explain the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes in terms of their developmental processes.
In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth while in deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus.
What type of symmetry do jellyfish exhibit, and what does this imply about their body structure?
What type of symmetry do jellyfish exhibit, and what does this imply about their body structure?
Jellyfish exhibit radial symmetry, meaning their body can be divided into identical pieces around a central axis.
Describe the significance of cephalization in animal evolution.
Describe the significance of cephalization in animal evolution.
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What distinguishes diploblastic organisms from triploblastic organisms?
What distinguishes diploblastic organisms from triploblastic organisms?
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Study Notes
Animal Diversity
- Animals have tissues (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
- Zygote undergoes cleavage, forming a blastula, transforming to a blastocoel (cavity)
- Blastula then undergoes gastrulation, forming a blastopore with an internal cavity (archenteron) — creating a 2/3 body formation
- Cephalization: nerve system (NS) front of body
- Dimorphism: male/female visually different
- Frontal plane: separates dorsal/ventral
- Transverse plane: separates cranial/caudal
- Sagittal plane: separates left/right, medial/lateral
Germ Layers
- Ectoderm: epidermis
- Mesoderm: muscles, gonads (reproductive organs), heart
- Endoderm: linings of digestive system, lungs, liver
Body Symmetry
- Radial symmetry: can be split into identical pieces (planaria, jellyfish)
- Bilateral symmetry: can be split into left/right mirrored halves (starfish, crayfish)
Body Cavities
- Diploblastic: 2 tissue layers (ectoderm & endoderm) Ex: hydras/jellyfish
- Triploblastic: 3 tissue layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) Ex: worms, arthropods, vertebrates—have a coelom (fluid-filled cavity lined with mesoderm)
Developmental Patterns
- Protostomes: blastopore becomes the mouth. Mesoderm develops into the anus
- Deuterostomes: blastopore becomes the anus. Mesoderm develops into the mouth
Additional Information
- Proximal: towards the trunk
- Distal: away from the trunk
- Sponges: no true tissues, have specialized cells for various functions (asymmetrical)
- Plants make up the majority of the biomass
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