Animal Diversity and Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is an example of an asymmetrical animal?

  • Sea anemone
  • Goat
  • Sponge (correct)
  • Starfish

Which type of symmetry does a sea anemone exhibit?

  • Asymmetrical
  • Radial (correct)
  • None
  • Bilateral

Animals with which type of symmetry have a distinct head and tail?

  • Asymmetrical
  • Radial
  • Triploblastic
  • Bilateral (correct)

What are the germ layers developed by diploblastic animals?

<p>Ectoderm and endoderm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates triploblasts from diploblasts?

<p>Development of a third germ layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a coelom?

<p>An epithelial-lined internal body cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is an example of bilateral symmetry?

<p>Goat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many germ layers do animals that display radial symmetry develop?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance separates the outer layer of flattened cells and the inner layer of choanocytes in sponges?

<p>Mesohyl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sponges primarily obtain their nutrients?

<p>Intracellular digestion via choanocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of choanocytes in sponges?

<p>Water filtration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of asexual reproduction do sponges perform when a piece breaks off to form a new individual?

<p>Fragmentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental challenge does the formation of gemmules help freshwater sponges overcome?

<p>Hostile environmental conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of the digestive process in sponges?

<p>Food must be smaller than individual cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for sponges to be classified as monoecious?

<p>They produce both eggs and sperm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows for gas exchange, circulation, and excretion in sponges?

<p>Diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sperm fertilize the eggs in sponges?

<p>By water currents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the special cells found in cnidarians that are responsible for stinging?

<p>Cnidocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nematocysts in cnidarians?

<p>To immobilize prey (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sponges is true?

<p>They have a fixed substrate as adults. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the body plan of a medusa?

<p>Bell-shaped with tentacles hanging down (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes polyp and medusa forms in cnidarians?

<p>The medusa has tentacles hanging downward. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is common to all cnidarians in terms of their tissue structure?

<p>They have two tissue layers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do sponges exhibit mobility?

<p>In the larval stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between sponges and tissues?

<p>Sponges lack true tissues entirely. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the large central cavity, or spongocoel, in sponges?

<p>To facilitate the flow of water for feeding and gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cnidarians are characterized by how many tissue layers?

<p>Two (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the majority of animal species is true?

<p>Invertebrates comprise about 95 percent of animal species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes sponges from other animal groups?

<p>The lack of true tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does water play in the life of sponges?

<p>It aids in feeding, gas exchange, and excretion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the osculum in sponges?

<p>The large opening through which water exits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do sponges and colonial flagellated protists exhibit similarity?

<p>Both display colonial organization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the chelicerae in chelicerates?

<p>Feeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes chelicerates from other arthropods?

<p>The presence of chelicerae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do aquatic chelicerates primarily respire?

<p>Using gills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of described species in the subphylum Chelicerata?

<p>103,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is NOT a member of Subphylum Chelicerata?

<p>Crayfish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the digestive system of most flatworms have in common?

<p>It consists of a mouth used for both intake and waste expulsion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cestodes obtain nutrients?

<p>By absorption directly across their body wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the excretory system of flatworms?

<p>It utilizes flame cells to expel waste. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the flatworm body limits its thickness?

<p>The need for gas exchange by diffusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which class do free-living marine species of flatworms primarily belong?

<p>Turbellaria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction is common in some flatworm groups?

<p>Asexual reproduction through regeneration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nerve cords in flatworms?

<p>Connecting the brain to sensory organs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most flatworm species are categorized as what type of reproductive organism?

<p>Monoecious, possessing both sets of reproductive organs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is primarily responsible for body movement in animals?

<p>Muscle tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components that make up connective tissue?

<p>Cells and extracellular material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of reproduction for most animal species?

<p>Sexual reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the combination of male and female gametes?

<p>Fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do male sperm typically reach the female egg during fertilization?

<p>By swimming with flagella (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After fertilization, what is the immediate developmental stage called?

<p>Zygote (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sexual reproduction in animals from that in fungi and protists?

<p>It's the only mode of reproduction in many animal species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During development, what process allows animal cells to form tissues?

<p>Differentiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in sponges is primarily responsible for water movement?

<p>Choanocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows sponges to capture food particles?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of spicules in sponges?

<p>Providing structural strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sponges primarily reproduce asexually?

<p>Budding and fragmentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is notable about the reproductive strategy of most sponges?

<p>They are hermaphroditic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of environments can gemmules in freshwater sponges survive?

<p>Hostile environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with intracellular digestion in sponges?

<p>Food particles must be smaller than individual cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do amoebocytes play in the sponge's digestion process?

<p>Transporting nutrients to other cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cnidocytes in cnidarians?

<p>To immobilize prey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do sponges release free-swimming larvae?

<p>During early larval development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the medusa form from the polyp form in cnidarians?

<p>Medusa is typically bell-shaped and motile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows sponges to release sperm into the surrounding water?

<p>Osculum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry do cnidarians exhibit?

<p>Radial symmetry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cnidocyte is triggered to release the nematocyst?

<p>The hairlike projection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction can sponges perform when a part of them breaks off?

<p>Fragmentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature characterizes the two body plans of cnidarians?

<p>Presence of jelly-like mesoglea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of flatworms?

<p>They have a body with no cavities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry do flatworms exhibit?

<p>Bilateral symmetry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is associated with the cephalization of flatworms?

<p>Concentration of nervous tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true about nematodes?

<p>They possess a pseudocoelom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ecdysis refer to in ecdysozoan phyla?

<p>The shedding of the exoskeleton. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutritional strategy do free-living flatworms generally exhibit?

<p>They are scavengers or predators. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the body plan of arthropods?

<p>Coelomate with a hard exoskeleton. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mesodermal tissues in flatworms?

<p>To support and secrete materials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of digestive system is most commonly found in flatworms?

<p>Incomplete digestive system with one opening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cestodes obtain their nutrients?

<p>By absorption across their body wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the excretory system in flatworms?

<p>Regulation of dissolved salts and excretion of wastes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a key characteristic of flatworm reproduction?

<p>Asexual reproduction is common (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limits the thickness of flatworms and facilitates gas and nutrient exchange?

<p>Reliance on diffusion and intercellular junctions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the flame cells in flatworms?

<p>To aid in the excretion of waste fluids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the nervous system of flatworms from other organisms?

<p>Pair of nerve cords running the length of the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which classes are flatworms traditionally divided?

<p>Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoda (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of asexual reproduction in many animal species?

<p>It produces offspring genetically identical to the parent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes incomplete metamorphosis as it occurs in certain animals?

<p>The young closely resemble the adults and undergo multiple molts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification feature is NOT typically used for differentiating animal groups?

<p>Ability to produce muscular contractions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a characteristic of Eumetazoa?

<p>They possess specialized tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of animals classified as acoelomates?

<p>They have a solid body without a body cavity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symmetry type is associated with animals possessing a distinct head and tail?

<p>Bilateral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does parthenogenesis refer to in animal reproduction?

<p>The development of unfertilized eggs into offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common to animals displaying bilateral symmetry?

<p>They have a balanced distribution of body parts along an axis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Asymmetrical symmetry

An animal with no pattern or symmetry.

Radial symmetry

An animal with multiple planes of symmetry along a longitudinal axis.

Bilateral symmetry

An animal with one plane of symmetry creating roughly mirrored right and left sides.

Diploblastic

Animals with two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) during embryonic development.

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Triploblastic

Animals with three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) during embryonic development.

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Germ layers

Layers of tissue formed during embryonic development, which become specific tissues and organs.

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Coelom

An internal body cavity filled with fluid, and found between the digestive system and the body wall.

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Anterior/Posterior

Describes the front and back ends of an animal with bilateral symmetry (head/tail).

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Sponges

Simple animals in the phylum Porifera, lacking true tissues.

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Invertebrates

Animals without a backbone, including most animal species (95%).

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Cnidarians

Simple animals with true tissues, and only two tissue layers.

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Porifera

The phylum of sponges characterized by their porous bodies.

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Spongocoel

The large central cavity in a sponge's body.

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Osculum

The large opening in a sponge where water exits.

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Subkingdom Parazoa

A category for simple animals, including sponges.

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Animal Phyla

The major groups of animals.

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Sponges body plan

Sponges have an outer layer of flattened cells and an inner layer called choanocytes separated by a jelly-like substance called mesohyl. Amoeboid cells within the mesohyl secrete spicules or fibers for structure.

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Choanocytes

Flagellated cells lining the spongocoel (inner cavity) of a sponge. They move water, trap food, and digest it.

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Mesohyl

Jelly-like substance between the outer and inner cell layers in a sponge; provides support and contains amoeboid cells.

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Intracellular Digestion

Food particles are trapped and digested inside the choanocyte cells.

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Spicules

Tiny, hard needles within a sponge's mesohyl, providing structural support.

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Asexual reproduction in sponges

Sponges reproduce by fragmentation (breaking into pieces), budding (outgrowths), and gemmules (clusters of cells for harsh environments).

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Monoecious (Hermaphroditic)

A sponge that can produce both eggs and sperm; one sponge can be both male and female.

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Sponges' survival strategy

Sponges have survived over half a billion years by digesting food inside their cells using intracellular digestion, and they also use asexual and sexual reproduction.

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Sponge Reproduction

Sponges reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexually, eggs are produced by amoebocytes and sperm by choanocytes. These are released and fertilized externally, then develop into a free-swimming larva.

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Sponge Larval Stage

After fertilization, sponge eggs develop into a free-swimming larva that eventually settles and develops into a new sponge.

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Adult Sponge Life Cycle

Adult sponges are sessile (stuck in one place), spending their lives attached to a surface.

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Cnidarian Symmetry

Cnidarians have radial or biradial symmetry, meaning their body parts are arranged around a central point.

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Cnidarian Stinging Cells

Cnidarians have specialized stinging cells called cnidocytes that contain nematocysts, which release toxins.

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Cnidarian Body Types

Cnidarians exist in two body forms: polyps (stalk-like) and medusae (bell-shaped).

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Cnidarian Tissue Layers

Cnidarians have two tissue layers with a jelly-like layer between them called mesoglea.

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Nematocysts Function

Nematocysts are organelles inside cnidocytes that contain coiled threads that are fired to capture prey or as a defense mechanism.

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Incomplete Digestive System

A digestive system with a single opening used for both ingestion and waste removal.

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Cestodes Digestive Strategy

Cestodes, parasitic flatworms, lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients directly from their host's digestive tract.

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Flame Cells

Specialized cells in flatworms that use cilia to filter and remove waste fluids.

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Flatworm Nervous System

Consists of nerve cords running along the body with a concentrated ganglion at the anterior end, containing sensory cells.

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Flatworm Gas Exchange

Relies on diffusion across the body surface, limiting the thickness of the flatworm.

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Flatworms Reproduction

Most flatworms are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs, and can reproduce sexually or asexually.

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Flatworm Classes

Four classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, and Cestoda, with varying lifestyles and characteristics.

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Chelicerata

A subphylum within the phylum Arthropoda, including spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. Mostly terrestrial, but some marine species exist. Chelicerates are characterized by the first pair of appendages being chelicerae (specialized mouthparts).

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Chelicerae

The first pair of appendages in chelicerates, specialized mouthparts. They are mainly used for feeding, but in spiders, they are modified to inject venom into their prey.

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Open Circulatory System

A circulatory system where blood is not contained within blood vessels, but flows throughout the body cavity (hemocoel). A heart pumps the blood through the hemocoel, bathing internal organs.

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Book Lungs

Respiratory organs found in some terrestrial chelicerates. These are stacks of thin, folded plates that increase surface area for gas exchange.

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Tracheae

A network of tubes in some terrestrial chelicerates that carry oxygen directly to tissues. These tubes open to the outside through small openings called spiracles.

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Metamorphosis

A significant transformation in an animal's body from a larval stage to an adult form.

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Complete Metamorphosis

A type of metamorphosis with distinct larval stages before reaching the adult form, often with different diets and habitats.

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Incomplete Metamorphosis

A type of metamorphosis where young resemble adults and gradually molt (shed skin) into the final adult form.

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Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving a single parent producing offspring genetically identical to itself.

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Animal Tissue Types

Animals have specialized tissues performing specific functions. Muscle tissue contracts for movement, connective tissue supports and transports, and epithelial tissue covers surfaces.

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Budding

A form of asexual reproduction where a new individual grows as an outgrowth from the parent.

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Fragmentation

A form of asexual reproduction where a parent breaks into pieces, each capable of developing into a new individual.

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Connective Tissue Examples

Examples of connective tissues include blood, which transports nutrients and oxygen, and bone, which provides structural support.

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Parthenogenesis

A form of asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual.

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Epithelial Tissue Function

Epithelial tissue covers internal and external surfaces of the body and organs. It acts as a barrier and protects the body from the environment.

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Animal Reproduction

Most animals reproduce sexually, combining genetic material from two parents. Some also reproduce asexually, creating offspring from a single parent.

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Body Symmetry

The arrangement of body parts around a central axis, determining the animal's body plan.

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Fertilization

The process where male sperm and female egg fuse, forming a zygote, the first cell of a new individual.

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Internal vs. External Fertilization

Internal fertilization occurs inside the female's body, common in land animals. External fertilization occurs outside the body, common in aquatic animals.

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Embryonic Development

After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cell division and differentiation, leading to the formation of tissues and organs.

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Tissue Specialization

During development, animal cells specialize to perform specific functions, forming various tissues like muscle, connective, and epithelial tissues.

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What gives a sponge structural support?

Sponges have a jelly-like layer called mesohyl that contains embedded amoeboid cells. These cells secrete either tiny, hard needles called spicules or protein fibers, which provide structural support.

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How do sponges eat?

Sponges lack a digestive system. Instead, they rely on individual cells called choanocytes to trap food particles and digest them internally. This process is called intracellular digestion.

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How do sponges move water?

Choanocytes have a single flagellum that beats, creating a current that pulls water through the sponge. This movement helps deliver oxygen and food while removing waste.

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How do sponges reproduce?

Sponges reproduce both sexually and asexually. They can produce both eggs and sperm, or they can fragment, bud, or form gemmules.

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What are gemmules?

Gemmules are clusters of cells encased in a tough outer layer. These are produced by freshwater sponges and allow them to survive harsh environments, such as freezing.

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What is the spongocoel?

The spongocoel is the large, central cavity within a sponge's body.

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What is an osculum?

The osculum is the large opening at the top of a sponge where water exits.

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How long have sponges been around?

Sponges have been around for over half a billion years, meaning they have been present since long before the dinosaurs!

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Gas Exchange in Flatworms

Relies on diffusion across the body surface, limiting the thickness of the flatworm.

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What are flatworms?

Flatworms belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes and are acoelomate organisms, meaning they lack a body cavity. They can be either free-living or parasitic.

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What is a pseudocoelom?

A pseudocoelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm, as opposed to a true coelom which is fully lined. This is found in nematodes.

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What are arthropods?

Arthropods are coelomate organisms with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages. They are one of the most successful animal groups on Earth.

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Ecdysozoa

Ecdysozoa is a clade of animals that includes nematodes and arthropods. They share a common ancestor and are characterized by molting, or shedding their exoskeleton, as they grow.

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Flatworm epidermal tissue

Flatworm epidermal tissue consists of a single layer of cells or a fused layer. It covers a layer of circular muscle and then a layer of longitudinal muscle.

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Flatworm mesodermal tissues

Mesodermal tissues in flatworms include support cells and secretory cells. These secretory cells produce mucus and other substances on the flatworm's surface.

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What does acoelomate mean?

Acoelomate means lacking a body cavity. This means that the space between the outer body wall and the digestive tract is filled with tissues, not a fluid-filled cavity.

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What is cephalization?

Cephalization is the evolutionary process where nerve tissues and sensory organs are concentrated at the anterior end of an organism, forming a head.

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Study Notes

Animal Diversity

  • Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms, and most have specialized tissues.
  • They are motile and require a food source (heterotrophic).
  • Almost all reproduce sexually, unlike plants or fungi. Development is typically characterized by a fixed body plan, unlike some plants.

Animal Reproduction and Development

  • Most animals reproduce sexually, with male and female gametes combining through fertilization.
  • Fertilization can be internal or external.
  • Development involves specific stages and results in a specific body plan.
  • Some animals exhibit asexual reproduction, including budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.

Animal Classification

  • Animal classification systems are based on anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic makeup.
  • Animal classification schemes reflect evolutionary lineages and highlight common and diverse traits.
  • Animals are diverse and classification systems are constantly being revised as new information is discovered.
  • Classifications are typically based on body symmetry (asymmetrical, radial, bilateral), the presence and characteristics of a true body cavity, the number of tissue layers during development and other development characteristics..

Sponges (Porifera)

  • Simplest animals with no tissues, just diverse specialized cells.
  • Mostly marine, with body structure dedicated to filtering water for food and waste removal.
  • Asexual and sexual reproduction methods are common.

Cnidarians (Cnidaria)

  • Exhibit radial or biradial symmetry.
  • Have specialized stinging cells (cnidocytes) for capturing prey.
  • Life cycle frequently alternates between polyp (sessile, stalk-like) and medusa (free-swimming, bell-like) forms.
  • Include corals, jellyfish, and sea anemones.
  • Extracellular and intracellular digestion.

Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods

  • Flatworms (Platyhelminthes): Acoelomate; primarily parasitic or free-living; incomplete digestive systems.
  • Nematodes (Nematoda): Pseudocoelomate; many are free-living or parasitic. Complete digestive system; exoskeleton.
  • Arthropods (Arthropoda): Coelomate. jointed appendages and an exoskeleton. Many types of respiratory systems, varied life styles.

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Test your knowledge on the diversity of animals, their reproduction, and classification systems. This quiz covers key concepts including eukaryotic characteristics, modes of reproduction, and the evolutionary basis of animal classifications. Explore how animals' developmental stages and genetic make-up influence their classification.

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