Animal Distribution Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of a filter bridge?

  • It serves as a narrow land connection between two continents. (correct)
  • It only allows mammals to pass through.
  • It allows all organisms to migrate freely between continents.
  • It remains accessible for millions of years.

Which species was likely transported from the South America to North America through a filter bridge during the late Mesozoic era?

  • Lemur
  • Small hippopotamus
  • Rat
  • Ant-eater (correct)

What distinguishes a corridor bridge from a filter bridge?

  • A corridor bridge allows limited exchange of species.
  • A corridor bridge has a broader formation allowing extensive species exchange. (correct)
  • A corridor bridge connects continents only during the Pleistocene.
  • A corridor bridge is temporary in nature.

What factor contributed to the isolation of animals transported to present-day Madagascar?

<p>The filter bridge was submerged after a brief geological period. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two continents were connected by a corridor bridge, leading to similar faunal compositions?

<p>Europe and Asia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of geographical or horizontal distribution?

<p>The distribution of animals on land and fresh water across various continents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of distribution addresses animals' arrangement based on vertical surfaces?

<p>Bathymetric distribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of distribution involves the study of animal fossils to analyze their existence in the past?

<p>Temporal distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes bipolar distribution?

<p>Distribution of species limited to Arctic or Antarctic waters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three aspects of bathymetric distribution?

<p>Limnobiotic, Holobiotic, and Geobiotic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of distribution would include animals found in both the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn?

<p>Tropical distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern of distribution is characterized by a limited presence of species in certain polar regions?

<p>Arctic distribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes geobiotic distribution from other types of animal distribution?

<p>It deals exclusively with land-dwelling species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes animals that thrive over a wide range of atmospheric changes?

<p>Eurytopic animals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species is an example of a continuous distribution?

<p>Green mussel (Mytilus) (B), Cockroach (Periplaneta) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a discontinuous distribution of animals?

<p>Different species are found in isolated regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to P.J. Darlington's theory, which factor can contribute to the discontinuous distribution of species?

<p>Oceanic island migration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a stenotopic animal?

<p>Peripatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serves as examples of 'sweeps take bridges' for animal transportation?

<p>Floating trees and logs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of islands in terms of biodiversity?

<p>Few unique species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor in determining a species' distribution range?

<p>Geographical barriers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Animal Distribution in Space

The arrangement of different types of animals on the earth's surface, considering both their distribution on land and in water.

Geographical or Horizontal Distribution

Describes how animals are spread across different continents and islands on land and in freshwater.

Bathymetric or Vertical Distribution

Describes how animals are distributed across different vertical layers in both land and water environments.

Limnobiotic Distribution

The study of animal distribution in freshwater sources like lakes, rivers, and streams.

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Holobiotic Distribution

The study of animal distribution in the ocean.

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Geobiotic Distribution

The study of animal distribution across different land environments like forests, grasslands, and deserts.

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Distribution in Time

The study of animal distribution in the Earth's history based on fossil evidence.

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Arctic Distribution

A specific type of animal distribution where species only exist in Arctic or Antarctic waters and not in warmer regions.

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Filter Bridge

A narrow land connection between continents that exists for a short time, allowing some organisms to cross while filtering others out.

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Corridor Bridge

A broad land connection between continents that exists for a long time, allowing free movement of species.

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Madagascar's Connection

A land bridge that was once present, connecting Madagascar to Africa, allowing animals to cross.

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Late Mesozoic Era

A geological era during which North and South America were connected by a filter bridge.

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Tertiary Period

A period during which the bridge connecting Europe and Asia submerged, isolating the faunas of those regions.

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Zoogeography

The distribution of animals across different geographical regions, influenced by factors like climate, habitat, and historical events.

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Continuous Distribution

The distribution of a species throughout a large, uninterrupted area. For example, a species found across continents without significant gaps.

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Eurytopic Animals

Animals that can thrive in a wide range of environments due to their adaptability. They are often found in continuous distribution.

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Stenotopic Animals

Found only in specific, limited areas with specialized environmental conditions.

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Discontinuous Distribution

Different species of the same genus or different populations of the same species are found separated across the Earth.

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Sweepstakes Bridges

A theory that explains how animals reach isolated places like islands, often leading to discontinuous distribution. It involves events like drifting on natural rafts or being transported by birds.

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Darlington's Theory of Discontinuous Distribution

Darlington's theory on discontinuous distribution, stating that species can become separated due to events like the sinking of land masses or the extinction of intermediate populations.

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Weitz's Theory of Discontinuous Distribution

Weitz's Theory on discontinuous distribution, suggesting that animals can disperse continuously or discontinuously via various methods, including accidental transport by natural events or human activities.

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Study Notes

Animal Distribution

  • Animal distribution is the arrangement of animals on the Earth's surface, including land and water.
  • This can be categorized into two types: geographical (horizontal) and bathymetric (vertical).
  • Geographical/Horizontal Distribution: Describes the distribution of animals across continents and islands.
  • Bathymetric/Vertical Distribution: The distribution of animals in relation to the vertical surface of land and water. This can be divided into horizontal and vertical aspects further.
  • Bathymetric/Vertical aspects can be studied based on depth
    • Limnobiotic distribution: Deals with animals in fresh water sources
    • Holobiotic distribution: Distribution in oceans (all types of water bodies)

Animal Distribution in Time

  • Describes the distribution of animals across Earth's history, using fossil evidence.
  • This type of distribution is studied using a geological time scale.
  • Patterns of distribution are generally broken down into these categories
    • Arctic Distribution: animals restricted to polar ice caps, characterized by bipolarity
      • Shows a characteristic pattern where animals live in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions
      • Examples include specific genera of invertebrates, mollusks, arthropods, etc.
    • Tropical Distribution: animals found in regions between the tropics
      • This zone is known for maximum biodiversity, many species thrive here.
    • Continuous Distribution: a widespread, consistent distribution over large areas
    • Discontinuous Distribution: species or groups of species existing in geographically isolated places, not everywhere
      • Examples include specific species of animals, and illustrated in tables with present distribution, origins, etc.

Modes of Animal Distribution

  • Theories explain how animals might have spread throughout the Earth.
    • Sweeps take bridges: Animals travel to new areas through accidental dispersal (floating ice, logs).
    • Filter bridges: Temporary land connections that let some organisms migrate but not others
    • Corridor bridges: Permanent land connections that enable species movement
      • The example provided shows the faunal evolution of the camelids across continents

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Animal Distribution PDF

Description

This quiz covers the concept of animal distribution on Earth's surface, exploring geographical and bathymetric aspects. It delves into the arrangement of species across various environments, including both historical distribution patterns and contemporary studies. Test your knowledge on how animals are distributed over time and space!

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