Environmental Science Quiz: Australian Ecosystems
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Questions and Answers

What climatic condition is characteristic of southeastern Australia?

  • Wet and cool (correct)
  • Cool and moist winters
  • Hot and dry
  • Hot and wet
  • What is the primary environmental factor influencing the distribution limits of red kangaroos?

  • Soil type
  • Urbanization
  • Variable precipitation (correct)
  • High population density
  • In which climate is the population density of kangaroos expected to be highest?

  • Hot and dry with occasional rain
  • Hot and wet with seasonal drought (correct)
  • Wet and cool with seasonal snowfall
  • Cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers
  • Which statement best describes the process of dispersal?

    <p>Dispersal is the movement from high population density areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is characterized by cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers?

    <p>Southern Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the distribution of terrestrial biomes across the globe?

    <p>Seasonal light and temperature variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between macroclimate and microclimate?

    <p>Macroclimate consists of patterns on a global level, whereas microclimate consists of very fine patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes ecosystem services?

    <p>Ecosystem services are the benefits humans derive from ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main processes integral to ecosystem dynamics?

    <p>Energy flow and chemical cycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'abiotic factors' in an ecosystem?

    <p>Physical and chemical components that are non-living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do seasonal variations in temperature and light predominantly affect organisms?

    <p>They control the phenology of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental role of ecosystem function within ecological systems?

    <p>To contribute to overall health, productivity, and stability of ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best explains the concept of phenology in relation to climate?

    <p>Phenology reflects the timing of life cycle events, influenced by seasonal climate changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an ecosystem service?

    <p>Nutrient loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the food chain, which trophic level directly feeds on primary producers?

    <p>Primary consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason energy is lost from organisms in an ecosystem?

    <p>Energy is transformed into heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of trophic efficiency typically indicates that what percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following services is classified under supporting services in ecosystems?

    <p>Soil formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the second law of thermodynamics, what happens to energy exchanges?

    <p>They increase entropy in the universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What group of organisms relies on non-living organic matter for energy?

    <p>Detritivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the process of energy transfer within an ecosystem?

    <p>Energy is lost as heat at every conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences the competition for light on the forest floor?

    <p>Light intensity and quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation allows kangaroo rats to recover most of their water loss?

    <p>Long loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary abiotic component affecting the distribution of desert organisms?

    <p>Water availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can influence the shape of plants in open environments?

    <p>Wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abiotic component is NOT typically considered a major element of climate?

    <p>Nutrient availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does salinity primarily affect aquatic organisms?

    <p>Through osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary physical characteristic of soil limits plant distribution?

    <p>Mineral composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In aquatic environments, where is photosynthesis most likely to occur?

    <p>Near the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of nutrient over-enrichment in ecosystems?

    <p>Changes in biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do phosphate particles behave in relation to soil?

    <p>They bind with soil particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the current geological epoch influenced by human activity?

    <p>Anthropocene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does global climate change primarily have on ecosystems?

    <p>Shifts in temperature and weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a localized behavior of bacteria in marine environments?

    <p>Localizing around sediment particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organisms typically contribute to the process of eutrophication?

    <p>Producers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main indicators of eutrophication effects in aquatic systems?

    <p>Algal blooms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way do the marine sediments behave in relation to phosphates?

    <p>They frequently aggregate phosphates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of beak size in Geospiza fortis indicates its high heritability?

    <p>It can be inherited by future generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary environmental factor associated with the beak size shift in the studied populations?

    <p>Resource competition for seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the decline in the G.fortis population during the 2004 drought illustrate?

    <p>It indicates susceptibility to severe environmental stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the 1977 drought, what resource did G.fortis depend on when small seeds were scarce?

    <p>Large seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests G.magnirostris is better adapted for handling large seeds?

    <p>It consumes a higher fraction of large seeds compared to G.fortis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of which species is associated with the resource competition for seeds?

    <p>Both Geospiza fortis and Geospiza magnirostris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'sympatric' populations refer to in the context of these species?

    <p>Populations that exist in the same geographic area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication does the high heritability of beak size have on natural selection in these populations?

    <p>It supports the idea of rapid evolutionary adaptation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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