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Questions and Answers
What type of coelom develops due to a split in the mesoderm sheet?
What type of coelom develops due to a split in the mesoderm sheet?
Which of the following structures is classified as an exoskeleton?
Which of the following structures is classified as an exoskeleton?
In which classification group do organisms lacking a notochord fall?
In which classification group do organisms lacking a notochord fall?
What is the main characteristic of mosaic cleavage?
What is the main characteristic of mosaic cleavage?
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Which of the following is an example of indirect development?
Which of the following is an example of indirect development?
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Which of the following best describes an endoskeleton?
Which of the following best describes an endoskeleton?
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Who categorized animals into the group Anaima?
Who categorized animals into the group Anaima?
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What type of coelom is present in echinoderms and chordates?
What type of coelom is present in echinoderms and chordates?
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What type of body organization is exhibited by sponges?
What type of body organization is exhibited by sponges?
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Which of the following features is distinctive of sponges?
Which of the following features is distinctive of sponges?
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In which habitat are most sponges found?
In which habitat are most sponges found?
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What is the primary mode of respiration in the described organisms?
What is the primary mode of respiration in the described organisms?
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Which of the following features is associated with the heart of these organisms?
Which of the following features is associated with the heart of these organisms?
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What layer separates the epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians?
What layer separates the epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians?
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Which subclass of Mammalia is characterized by egg-laying?
Which subclass of Mammalia is characterized by egg-laying?
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Which of the following correctly describes the symmetry of cnidarians?
Which of the following correctly describes the symmetry of cnidarians?
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What type of kidneys do the organisms belong to?
What type of kidneys do the organisms belong to?
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What term describes the organisms in the phylum Ctenophora?
What term describes the organisms in the phylum Ctenophora?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the germ layers of sponges and cnidarians?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the germ layers of sponges and cnidarians?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a mammal mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a mammal mentioned?
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What characteristic is true about the limbs of mammals?
What characteristic is true about the limbs of mammals?
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What action do the epithelio-muscle cells of the cnidarian epidermis perform?
What action do the epithelio-muscle cells of the cnidarian epidermis perform?
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Which of these mammals falls under the category of viviparous?
Which of these mammals falls under the category of viviparous?
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Which of the following is a component of the coelom described?
Which of the following is a component of the coelom described?
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Which structure is characteristic of phylum Hemichordata?
Which structure is characteristic of phylum Hemichordata?
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What type of body symmetry do organisms in phylum Hemichordata exhibit?
What type of body symmetry do organisms in phylum Hemichordata exhibit?
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What is the primary method of nutrition in Hemichordates?
What is the primary method of nutrition in Hemichordates?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of Chordata?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Chordata?
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How many subphyla are there in Phylum Chordata?
How many subphyla are there in Phylum Chordata?
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What special feature is noted for Hemichordates?
What special feature is noted for Hemichordates?
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What is the mode of fertilization in Hemichordates?
What is the mode of fertilization in Hemichordates?
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What is the function of the proboscis gland in Hemichordates?
What is the function of the proboscis gland in Hemichordates?
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Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of Class Amphibia?
Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of Class Amphibia?
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What type of skull structure is found in the subclass Anapsida of Class Reptilia?
What type of skull structure is found in the subclass Anapsida of Class Reptilia?
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How are the limbs of reptiles typically characterized?
How are the limbs of reptiles typically characterized?
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Which statement is true about the digestive system of birds (Class Aves)?
Which statement is true about the digestive system of birds (Class Aves)?
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What distinguishes Class Aves from Class Reptilia?
What distinguishes Class Aves from Class Reptilia?
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What is a common feature of reptiles in terms of skin structure?
What is a common feature of reptiles in terms of skin structure?
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What is the primary function of the crop in the digestive system of birds?
What is the primary function of the crop in the digestive system of birds?
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Which of the following adaptations is specific to the forelimbs of birds?
Which of the following adaptations is specific to the forelimbs of birds?
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What role does the fluid in the parenchyma play in the body structure?
What role does the fluid in the parenchyma play in the body structure?
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Which of the following is characteristic of the digestive system in flukes?
Which of the following is characteristic of the digestive system in flukes?
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What is the function of flame cells in the excretory system?
What is the function of flame cells in the excretory system?
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What type of symmetry is exhibited by the nervous system in flatworms?
What type of symmetry is exhibited by the nervous system in flatworms?
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In which stages does the liver fluke undergo transformation during its life cycle?
In which stages does the liver fluke undergo transformation during its life cycle?
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What is the primary host for the liver fluke?
What is the primary host for the liver fluke?
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Which term describes the reproductive strategy of animals that can self-fertilize?
Which term describes the reproductive strategy of animals that can self-fertilize?
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What distinguishes the tapeworm's digestive system from that of the liver fluke?
What distinguishes the tapeworm's digestive system from that of the liver fluke?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Animals show vast diversity, ranging from unicellular to multicellular.
- Found in diverse habitats, from the deepest oceans to mountaintops.
- Fundamental features show similarities in arrangement of cells, body plan, symmetry, segmentation, coelom, germ layers, body temperature, skeleton, notochord, and various systems.
Bases of Classification
-
Habitat: Animals are categorized into aquatic (marine or freshwater) and terrestrial.
- Aquatic organisms include echinoderms, sponges, and coelenterates in marine environments, and prawns, fish, and mollusks in freshwater.
- Terrestrial organisms include fossorial animals (burrowing), arboreal (tree-dwelling), and scansorial (wall-climbing) animals. Examples: earthworm, snakes, rabbits, birds, bats, monkeys, lizards, and squirrels.
Levels of Organisation
- Protoplasmic: A single cell performs all functions (e.g. Protozoa)
- Cellular: Loose aggregates of cells working together (e.g. Sponges)
- Tissue: Tissues combine to perform specific functions (e.g. Coelenterates)
- Organ: Organs perform specific functions from tissues (e.g. Platyhelminthes)
- Organ-system: Organ systems work together in an organism (e.g. Aschelminthes to Chordates)
Symmetry
- Asymmetry: Body cannot be divided into identical halves (e.g. Some sponges and snails)
-
Symmetry: Body can be divided into identical halves (one or more planes):
- Radial: Body can be divided into two identical halves through any plane passing through the central axis (e.g. Coelenterates, Ctenophores and Echinoderms)
- Bilateral: Body can be divided into two identical halves by only one plane passing through the longitudinal axis (e.g. Annelids, Arthropods)
Germ Layers
-
Diploblastic: Two germ layers - ectoderm and endoderm
- Example: Sponges, Coelenterates, Ctenophores
-
Triploblastic: Three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
- Example: Flatworms to mammals
Segmentation
- Division of body into segments.
- Types: Metameric (true segmentation), External, Internal, Pseudometamerism
Coelom
- Acoelomates: Lack a body cavity (e.g., Platyhelminthes, porifera, coelenterates, ctenophora)
- Pseudocoelomates: Body cavity between ectoderm and mesoderm (e.g. Aschelminthes)
- Coelomates: Fluid-filled body cavity lined by mesoderm (e.g., Annelids, Arthropods)
Skeleton
- Endoskeleton: Internal supportive structure (e.g., bones in humans)
- Exoskeleton: External supportive structure (e.g., shells in mollusks, exoskeletons in arthropods)
Development
- Direct: Young resemble adult form (e.g. Mammals)
- Indirect: Undergo metamorphosis (e.g., Insects)
Classification of Animals
- Different scientists have classified animals using various criteria.
- Robert Whittaker's five-kingdom classification is a widely accepted system.
Classification of Protozoa
- Subdivisions of the Protozoa based on their locomotion:
- Mastigophora (flagella)
- Sarcodina (pseudopodia)
- Ciliata (cilia)
- Sporozoa (no locomotion)
Phylum Porifera
- Simple multicellular aquatic animals
- Cellular level of body organisation
- Acoelomate organisms
Phylum Coelenterata
- Radially symmetrical
- Diploblastic animals
- Tissue level organisation
Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- Triploblastic, acoelomate
- Organ level organisation
- Flattened body
Phylum Aschelminthes
- Bilateral symmetry
- Triploblastic, pseudocoelomate
- Organ level organisation
Phylum Annelida
- Triploblastic, coelomate
- Segmented bodies
- Organ system level
Phylum Arthropoda
- Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen,
- Jointed appendages
- Organ system level
- Bilateral symmetry
- Triploblastic
- Coelomate
Phylum Mollusca
- Soft bodies and often a hard shell
- Organ system level
- Mostly bilateral symmetry, but some are asymmetrical.
- Triploblastic, coelomate
Phylum Echinodermata
- Radially symmetrical in adult stage, bilateral symmetry in larval stage
- Spiny bodies
- Water vascular system
- Organ system level
- Triploblastic, coelomate
Subphylum Hemichordata
- Bilateral symmetry
- Triploblastic, coelomate
- Organ system level
- Most marine
Phylum Chordata
- Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
- Subphylum Urochordata: Tunicates
- Subphylum Cephalochordata: Lancelets
- Subphylum Vertebrata: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Class Aves
- Feathers
- Beak
- Lightweight bones
- Endothermy
Class Mammalia
- Mammary glands
- Hair
- Endothermy
- Four-chambered heart
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Description
Explore the fascinating diversity of animals and their classification based on habitat and levels of organisation. This quiz covers unicellular to multicellular life forms, their adaptations, and intricate classification systems. Test your knowledge of different animal types and their characteristics across various environments.