Animal Classification Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of coelom develops due to a split in the mesoderm sheet?

  • Pseudocoelom
  • Schizocoelom (correct)
  • Enterocoelom
  • Haemocoelom

    • Which of the following structures is classified as an exoskeleton?

  • Nails in humans
  • Epidermal scales in reptiles (correct)
  • Cartilage in fishes
  • Human bones

    • In which classification group do organisms lacking a notochord fall?

  • Hemichordates
  • Cnidarians
  • Chordates
  • Non-Chordates (correct)

    • What is the main characteristic of mosaic cleavage?

    <p>Complete embryo formed from whole blastomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of indirect development?

    <p>Mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an endoskeleton?

    <p>Hard structure inside the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who categorized animals into the group Anaima?

    <p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of coelom is present in echinoderms and chordates?

    <p>Enterocoelom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of body organization is exhibited by sponges?

    <p>Cellular level organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is distinctive of sponges?

    <p>Presence of a canal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which habitat are most sponges found?

    <p>Marine environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of respiration in the described organisms?

    <p>By lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is associated with the heart of these organisms?

    <p>It is four-chambered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer separates the epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians?

    <p>Mesoglea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subclass of Mammalia is characterized by egg-laying?

    <p>Prototheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the symmetry of cnidarians?

    <p>Radial symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of kidneys do the organisms belong to?

    <p>Metanephric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the organisms in the phylum Ctenophora?

    <p>Comb jellies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the germ layers of sponges and cnidarians?

    <p>Both are diploblastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a mammal mentioned?

    <p>Peacock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is true about the limbs of mammals?

    <p>May have five or fewer digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action do the epithelio-muscle cells of the cnidarian epidermis perform?

    <p>Contract the body and tentacles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these mammals falls under the category of viviparous?

    <p>Kangaroo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the coelom described?

    <p>Pleural cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is characteristic of phylum Hemichordata?

    <p>Direct development with free-swimming larva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of body symmetry do organisms in phylum Hemichordata exhibit?

    <p>Bilateral symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of nutrition in Hemichordates?

    <p>Ciliary feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of Chordata?

    <p>Presence of a closed circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many subphyla are there in Phylum Chordata?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What special feature is noted for Hemichordates?

    <p>Absence of true notochord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of fertilization in Hemichordates?

    <p>External fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the proboscis gland in Hemichordates?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of Class Amphibia?

    <p>Skin without mucous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skull structure is found in the subclass Anapsida of Class Reptilia?

    <p>Solid skull roof</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the limbs of reptiles typically characterized?

    <p>Two pair of limbs that are pentadactyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the digestive system of birds (Class Aves)?

    <p>The gizzard crushes and churns food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Class Aves from Class Reptilia?

    <p>Class Aves possess feathers and hollow bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of reptiles in terms of skin structure?

    <p>Skin is dry and rough without glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the crop in the digestive system of birds?

    <p>It stores and softens food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations is specific to the forelimbs of birds?

    <p>They are modified into wings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the fluid in the parenchyma play in the body structure?

    <p>It maintains the body shape and acts as a hydroskeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characteristic of the digestive system in flukes?

    <p>It consists of a mouth, pharynx, and divided intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of flame cells in the excretory system?

    <p>They assist in osmoregulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symmetry is exhibited by the nervous system in flatworms?

    <p>Bilateral symmetry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stages does the liver fluke undergo transformation during its life cycle?

    <p>Sporocyst, redia, cercaria, and metacercaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary host for the liver fluke?

    <p>Sheep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the reproductive strategy of animals that can self-fertilize?

    <p>Hermaphroditic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the tapeworm's digestive system from that of the liver fluke?

    <p>The tapeworm lacks a digestive system entirely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Animals show vast diversity, ranging from unicellular to multicellular.
    • Found in diverse habitats, from the deepest oceans to mountaintops.
    • Fundamental features show similarities in arrangement of cells, body plan, symmetry, segmentation, coelom, germ layers, body temperature, skeleton, notochord, and various systems.

    Bases of Classification

    • Habitat: Animals are categorized into aquatic (marine or freshwater) and terrestrial.
      • Aquatic organisms include echinoderms, sponges, and coelenterates in marine environments, and prawns, fish, and mollusks in freshwater.
      • Terrestrial organisms include fossorial animals (burrowing), arboreal (tree-dwelling), and scansorial (wall-climbing) animals. Examples: earthworm, snakes, rabbits, birds, bats, monkeys, lizards, and squirrels.

    Levels of Organisation

    • Protoplasmic: A single cell performs all functions (e.g. Protozoa)
    • Cellular: Loose aggregates of cells working together (e.g. Sponges)
    • Tissue: Tissues combine to perform specific functions (e.g. Coelenterates)
    • Organ: Organs perform specific functions from tissues (e.g. Platyhelminthes)
    • Organ-system: Organ systems work together in an organism (e.g. Aschelminthes to Chordates)

    Symmetry

    • Asymmetry: Body cannot be divided into identical halves (e.g. Some sponges and snails)
    • Symmetry: Body can be divided into identical halves (one or more planes):
      • Radial: Body can be divided into two identical halves through any plane passing through the central axis (e.g. Coelenterates, Ctenophores and Echinoderms)
      • Bilateral: Body can be divided into two identical halves by only one plane passing through the longitudinal axis (e.g. Annelids, Arthropods)

    Germ Layers

    • Diploblastic: Two germ layers - ectoderm and endoderm
      • Example: Sponges, Coelenterates, Ctenophores
    • Triploblastic: Three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
      • Example: Flatworms to mammals

    Segmentation

    • Division of body into segments.
    • Types: Metameric (true segmentation), External, Internal, Pseudometamerism

    Coelom

    • Acoelomates: Lack a body cavity (e.g., Platyhelminthes, porifera, coelenterates, ctenophora)
    • Pseudocoelomates: Body cavity between ectoderm and mesoderm (e.g. Aschelminthes)
    • Coelomates: Fluid-filled body cavity lined by mesoderm (e.g., Annelids, Arthropods)

    Skeleton

    • Endoskeleton: Internal supportive structure (e.g., bones in humans)
    • Exoskeleton: External supportive structure (e.g., shells in mollusks, exoskeletons in arthropods)

    Development

    • Direct: Young resemble adult form (e.g. Mammals)
    • Indirect: Undergo metamorphosis (e.g., Insects)

    Classification of Animals

    • Different scientists have classified animals using various criteria.
    • Robert Whittaker's five-kingdom classification is a widely accepted system.

    Classification of Protozoa

    • Subdivisions of the Protozoa based on their locomotion:
      • Mastigophora (flagella)
      • Sarcodina (pseudopodia)
      • Ciliata (cilia)
      • Sporozoa (no locomotion)

    Phylum Porifera

    • Simple multicellular aquatic animals
    • Cellular level of body organisation
    • Acoelomate organisms

    Phylum Coelenterata

    • Radially symmetrical
    • Diploblastic animals
    • Tissue level organisation

    Phylum Platyhelminthes

    • Bilaterally symmetrical
    • Triploblastic, acoelomate
    • Organ level organisation
    • Flattened body

    Phylum Aschelminthes

    • Bilateral symmetry
    • Triploblastic, pseudocoelomate
    • Organ level organisation

    Phylum Annelida

    • Triploblastic, coelomate
    • Segmented bodies
    • Organ system level

    Phylum Arthropoda

    • Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen,
    • Jointed appendages
    • Organ system level
    • Bilateral symmetry
    • Triploblastic
    • Coelomate

    Phylum Mollusca

    • Soft bodies and often a hard shell
    • Organ system level
    • Mostly bilateral symmetry, but some are asymmetrical.
    • Triploblastic, coelomate

    Phylum Echinodermata

    • Radially symmetrical in adult stage, bilateral symmetry in larval stage
    • Spiny bodies
    • Water vascular system
    • Organ system level
    • Triploblastic, coelomate

    Subphylum Hemichordata

    • Bilateral symmetry
    • Triploblastic, coelomate
    • Organ system level
    • Most marine

    Phylum Chordata

    • Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
    • Subphylum Urochordata: Tunicates
    • Subphylum Cephalochordata: Lancelets
    • Subphylum Vertebrata: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

    Class Aves

    • Feathers
    • Beak
    • Lightweight bones
    • Endothermy

    Class Mammalia

    • Mammary glands
    • Hair
    • Endothermy
    • Four-chambered heart

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    Survey of Animal Kingdom Lecture Note 4 and 5 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating diversity of animals and their classification based on habitat and levels of organisation. This quiz covers unicellular to multicellular life forms, their adaptations, and intricate classification systems. Test your knowledge of different animal types and their characteristics across various environments.

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