Animal Circulatory and Nervous Systems Quiz

Comparative Anatomy Overview

• Comparative anatomy studies similarities and differences in anatomy across different species.
• The first anatomy quiz will be next class.
• Human organ systems will be the next topic covered.
• The images show homologous and analogous structures.

Homologous Structures

• Homologous structures have similar structure but different functions.
• They indicate a shared ancestry between species.
• Examples are the forelimbs of various vertebrates (human, cat, whale, bat).

Analogous Structures

• Analogous structures have different structures but similar functions.
• These structures evolved independently in different species due to similar environmental pressures, highlighting convergent evolution.
• Examples are the wings of different organisms.

Form (Structure)

• Form (Structure) refers to the arrangement and relations between the parts of an organism.
• Every living organism exhibits a unique form due to the specific shape and composition of its parts.
• The skeletal system is an example. Many small bones work together to enclose internal organs, creating a rigid, calcium/cartilage-based structure.

Function (Purpose)

• Function (purpose) refers to the activity or intended purpose of something or any part of an organism.
• Each part of an organism has a specific purpose within the organism overall.
• The skeletal system provides support and protection to internal organs. The rigidity of the calcium/cartilage bones provides superior protection compared to soft tissues.

Vestigial Structures

• Vestigial structures are remnants of structures that were important in ancestral species, but are no longer functional in modern descendants.
• Environmental changes can render organs redundant.
• Examples include the pelvis and leg bones in whales, and the wings in ostriches. In ostriches, wings now have a functional role in maintaining balance, mating, and threat displays.

Comparative Anatomy Activity

• There's a practice activity related to comparative anatomy.

Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates

• The difference between vertebrates and invertebrates will be covered in another lesson.

Invertebrate Feeding and Digestion

• Invertebrates can have intracellular (digestion in individual cells) or extracellular (digestion in a cavity or tract, then absorption) digestion.
• Sponges use intracellular digestion, while mollusks, worms, arthropods, and echinoderms use extracellular.

Invertebrate Digestive Systems

• Types of invertebrate digestive systems differ, with Cnidarians having gastrovascular cavities and arthropods having intestines and additional structures. Different phyla have different arrangements.

Vertebrate Digestive Systems

• Differences in vertebrate digestive systems relate to their feeding habits:
  • Carnivores (short digestive tracts, fast enzymes)
  • Herbivores (longer intestines, large bacterial colonies).

Respiration in Animals

• Aquatic invertebrates use gills or diffusion.
• Terrestrial invertebrates use various methods, like book lungs (spiders), tracheal tubes (insects) and mantle cavities.

Invertebrate Respiratory Systems

• Specialized respiratory structures (e.g., gills, book lungs, spiracles) enable gas exchange.

Vertebrate Respiratory Systems

• Chordates use either gills (aquatic) or lungs (terrestrial). Different vertebrates have different respiratory systems optimized for their environment.

Aquatic Gills

• Water flows over gills for oxygen absorption.
• Removing carbon dioxide from the water is a part of gill function.

Vertebrate Lungs

• Vertebrates have specialized structures for gas exchange within their respiratory system.

Invertebrate Circulatory Systems

• Invertebrate circulatory systems can range from simple diffusion to systems with multiple hearts.
• Open systems typically pump blood into a body cavity.
• Closed systems pump blood through vessels.

Vertebrate Circulatory Systems

• Vertebrates' circulatory systems range from single-loop to double-loop systems.
• In single-loop it passes through one circuit- single ventricle, single atrium.
• In double-loop it passes through two circuits- multiple ventricles, and multiple atria.

Aquatic Invertebrate Excretion

• Some aquatic invertebrates diffuse ammonia into the surrounding water for removal.

Terrestrial Invertebrate Excretion

• Many terrestrial invertebrates convert ammonia into urea for excretion.

Invertebrate Excretory Systems

• Various structures for removing waste (e.g., flame cells, nephridia, Malpighian tubules).

Vertebrate Excretion

• Aquatic vertebrates excrete waste into water.
• Terrestrial vertebrates produce urine to remove waste materials.

Nervous System

• All animals respond to their environment via nerve cells.
• Nerve cells form complex systems (nervous systems) to coordinate responses.
• Different phyla have various nerve cell arrangements.

Invertebrate Nervous Systems

• Invertebrates can have diffuse nervous systems (e.g., nerve nets) or centralized nervous systems (e.g., ganglia).

Vertebrate Nervous Systems

• Vertebrates have central nervous systems (brain and spinal cord), with intricate nerve pathways.