Animal Breeding and Genetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the color trait of Shorthorn cattle?

  • Recessive (correct)
  • Heterozygous
  • Homozygous
  • Dominant

    • Which characteristic distinguishes qualitative traits from quantitative traits?

  • Qualitative traits allow discrete classes. (correct)
  • Quantitative traits have discrete classes.
  • Qualitative traits can vary over a range.
  • Quantitative traits have fewer genes involved.

    • What is a defining feature of inbreeding in mating systems?

  • Involves unrelated individuals.
  • Mates more related individuals than the average of the population. (correct)
  • Mates individuals that are less related.
  • Encourages genetic diversity within a breed.

    • What does outbreeding involve?

    <p>Mating individuals from different breeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding traits?

    <p>Quantitative traits express traits over a range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of purebred beef cattle?

    <p>They carry a defined set of traits passed from parents to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds is classified as European?

    <p>Chianina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes synthetic breeds in cattle?

    <p>They result from breeding combinations of different breeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Zebu breeds is true?

    <p>They are adapted to tropical and subtropical environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state is NOT listed as a primary location for cattle in the United States?

    <p>Florida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes species that are not native to a location and have a tendency to spread?

    <p>Invasive species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one theory regarding the domestication of animals like dogs and pigs?

    <p>Self-domestication occurs at village dumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is classified as porcine?

    <p>Pig</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals of intentional domestication by humans?

    <p>To control movement of species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species is considered wild and not domesticated?

    <p>Elephant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'genetic firewall' in domestication refer to?

    <p>Keeping wild genes away from domestic species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are guinea pigs easier to control compared to other animals?

    <p>They can't jump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy can humans use to alter the age structure of domesticated animals?

    <p>Selectively breed younger animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main sources of fats?

    <p>Animal and plant sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes metabolic energy?

    <p>Energy available after accounting for heat loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many essential amino acids must be included in a diet?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteins contain all 20 amino acids?

    <p>Complete proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes macro minerals?

    <p>Needed in large amounts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a micro mineral?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fat-soluble vitamins primarily involved in?

    <p>Cell growth and bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of potassium in the body?

    <p>Nerve and muscle function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary advantages of artificial insemination in animal breeding?

    <p>It allows for the use of frozen sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves putting an embryo into the uterus of another animal?

    <p>Embryo transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of super ovulation in cattle breeding?

    <p>It increases the number of embryos available for transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does embryo splitting involve?

    <p>Dividing an embryo before its cells differentiate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding triploidy?

    <p>Triploidy allows for greater growth in aquatic species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique does NOT typically involve natural mating in animal reproduction?

    <p>Embryo transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable aspect of Dolly the Sheep's life after her cloning?

    <p>Her physiology resembled a much older age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a downside of using genetic manipulation in animal breeding?

    <p>The potential for reduced genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of animal breeding, what does 'natural mating' refer to?

    <p>Allowing animals to mate without human intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason cows have widely adopted artificial insemination?

    <p>It allows access to superior genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feed additive is primarily used to alter metabolism in livestock?

    <p>Non-nutrient additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the oviduct in the reproductive system?

    <p>Transport of sperm and ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of microbial digestion?

    <p>Bacteria breaking down food in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of using ionophores in cattle feed?

    <p>Decrease in feed efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of roughage is characterized by high fiber and low energy?

    <p>Alfalfa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is coprophagy?

    <p>Eating poop for nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic management, what is meant by 'genetic firewall'?

    <p>Removing wild traits to maintain desired characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of chemical digestion?

    <p>Food is broken down into smaller components by enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the endocrine system?

    <p>Producing hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key purpose of feed additives like vitamins and minerals?

    <p>To provide essential nutrients in feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes complex behavior from simple behavior in animals?

    <p>Complex behavior involves multiple stimuli and responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of behavior is primarily influenced by internal stimuli?

    <p>Physiological changes during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of external stimuli in animal behavior?

    <p>It causes observable changes in behavior based on environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is an example of simple behavior in animals?

    <p>A dog barking at a passing car.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior is observed in mating rituals among animals?

    <p>Complex behavior that involves multiple steps and social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of invasive species?

    <p>They have a tendency to spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is classified as a feral species?

    <p>Feral cat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main theories regarding animal domestication?

    <p>Self-domestication occurs through repeated exposure to human waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does intentional breeding aim to achieve in domesticated animals?

    <p>To select for specific traits such as tameness and size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gestation period for sheep?

    <p>147 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'gentic firewall' refer to in animal domestication?

    <p>Preventing the interbreeding of wild genes with domestic animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes goats from sheep in terms of their diet?

    <p>Goats browse a wider variety of plants than sheep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do sheep typically reach puberty?

    <p>6-8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of domesticated species like guinea pigs?

    <p>Their lack of jumping abilities makes them easier to manage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do goats have?

    <p>60 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the purpose of altering the age structure in domesticated animals?

    <p>To prioritize breeding younger animals for productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the estrous cycle in sheep?

    <p>17 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sheep breed is characterized by fine wool?

    <p>Rambouillet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the breeding season for sheep?

    <p>Fall and early winter months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a term for a castrated male sheep?

    <p>Wether</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic best defines purebred cattle?

    <p>A defined set of characteristics passed from parents to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of cattle is known for having a good carcass quality?

    <p>Angus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes European breeds of cattle?

    <p>Moderate size ranging from 1000-1300 lbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes synthetic breeds from other cattle breeds?

    <p>They are mixtures created from existing breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which states is cattle farming most prevalent in the United States?

    <p>Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, and California</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of legumes in symbiotic relationships with bacteria?

    <p>To fix nitrogen from the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does processing have on seeds or corn according to the content?

    <p>Decreases digestibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following crops is classified as carbonaceous?

    <p>Bermuda grass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does drying have on stored crops?

    <p>It reduces moisture content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding concentrates?

    <p>They are rich in concentrated nutrients per unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice relates to the broken seed coat in processing?

    <p>Facilitating nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common element of carbonaceous plants like fescue?

    <p>High fiber content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anticipated outcome of improving the digestibility of processed seeds?

    <p>Increased energy efficiency in livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of artificial insemination in animal breeding?

    <p>Enables the freezing and expanding of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does embryo transfer involve in animal reproduction?

    <p>Placing an embryo into the uterus of another animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive technique significantly increases the number of embryos in cattle breeding?

    <p>Super ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using cloning as a reproductive technique?

    <p>Cloned animals have shorter lifespans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of genetic manipulation in breeding practices?

    <p>To enhance specific traits in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is triploidy and its significance in certain species?

    <p>A condition where organisms have three sets of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant downside of enhanced reproductive technologies in animals?

    <p>Reduction of desired genetic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mating technique involves just placing two animals together?

    <p>Natural mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a chimera in terms of mating systems?

    <p>An organism whose chromosomes match but may not function properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of embryo splitting in animal reproduction?

    <p>To create genetically identical animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Animal Science 09/23

    • Understanding animal behavior is crucial in animal science.
    • Quizzes are online, following the class.
    • No required textbook is used.
    • Three written exams and one final exam are administered.
    • Quizzes are also part of the assessment.
    • Key to success: attending class, reviewing slides before class, developing study skills, and avoiding group studying.
    • Animal science is essential for understanding human anatomy (omnivores).
    • The industry spends 6% of its US budget on animal-based food (dairy, leather, byproducts for food/fuel, e.g. fertilizer).

    Sex Classes

    • Species, mature male/female, castrated male, immature male, immature female, newborn, and parturition process are important for study.
    • Specific terms are used to classify animal types
    • Key species classification terms exist for mature animals, mature females, castrated males, immature males, and females, newborns, and the parturition process (the act of giving birth).

    Introduction

    • Tame animals are relatively tolerant to human presence.
    • Introduced species are not native to their current location.
    • Invasive species cause damage and tend to spread.
    • Understanding the characteristics of domestication, wild, feral, and introduced species is vital.

    Domestication

    • Theory 1: intentional domestication of animals like sheep, goats, cattle, and horses.
    • Theory 2: self-domestication of animals in areas like village dumps.
    • Dog domestication: a process of self-domestication.

    Remembering Animal Domestication

    • Domesticated/wild animals (camels, llamas, chickens, turkeys, elephants) are different.
    • Some animals (pigs) are hard to domesticate.
    • Controlling reproduction, size, and controlling their behavior are key to domestication.
    • Understanding the non-domesticated species is important.

    Digestive Systems & Strategies

    • Water, energy, protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals are essential for survival.
    • Continuous feeders (horses) eat throughout the day, consuming small amounts.
    • Discontinuous feeders (humans, cats) eat less frequently and larger amounts.
    • Various feeding methods exist (hunters, grazers, scavengers).

    Digestive Primary Systems

    • Carnivores, Omnivores, and Herbivores have different requirements for digestion.
    • Monogastric systems have one stomach and are found in carnivores and omnivores.
    • Ruminants have four stomach chamber systems for digesting plant materials. (Herbivores)
    • Non-ruminants have a single stomach for digestion. (Herbivores)

    Modified Monogastric Systems

    • Descriptions and diagrams illustrating the anatomy of these modified monogastric systems in birds (avian).
    • Mastication and digestion processes are described.
    • The overall anatomy of these systems are illustrated.

    Digestion

    • Pretension, mastication, digestion of food (chemical (microbial)), absorption, and elimination are important.
    • Types of digestive systems (monogastric, ruminant, and non-ruminant) are further discussed.
    • Different diagrams are included to help visualize these various systems.

    One gastric Stomach Systems

    • Describes the structure and function of parts in a monogastric digestive system. (Human, dog, cat, pig).
    • Importance of mucous and parietal cells for protection and HCl secretion in the stomach's digestive process.
    • The small intestine's role in digestion and absorption is described.
    • Discusses the function and importance of the cecum and large intestine, in digestion and absorption.

    Ruminant Herbiors

    • The structural features of these systems are described.

    Non-ruminant Herbivores

    • Equines (horses, rabbits, and elephants) have non-ruminant digestive systems.
    • Comparing of ruminants vs. non-ruminants are discussed.

    Nutrition & Feed Resources

    • Animals are composed of water, protein, fat, and ash.
    • Water is essential for transport, lubrication, and cooling.
    • Carbohydrates are the primary energy source.

    Monogastric-simple Chos (Glucose)

    • Simple CHO's-provide energy to ruminants and non-ruminants.
    • Energy in terms of fats and lipids are included.
    • Importance of protein, and amino acids.

    Minerals & Vitamins

    • Macro and micro minerals(Ca, Na, K, P) are essential for various bodily functions.
    • Fat-soluble vitamins(A, D, E, K) are important, along with water-soluble vitamins (B-complex, C).
    • Factors influencing nutrient requirements (changes in weight and production level).

    Feed Classifications

    • Roughages: low in nutrients, plant components that are not seeds, grains, or fruits.
    • Concentrates: high in energy, primarily grains.

    Processing & Storage

    • Processing seeds, corn, and other feeds improves digestibility.
    • Additives (vitamins, minerals, etc.) are added to support animal nutrition.
    • Storage methods and their effect on nutrient quality are explained.

    Reproduction

    • Estrous and menstrual cycles are important reproductive events in mammals, initiating pregnancy.
    • Duplex, bicornuate, and simplex reproductive cycles are determined (ovulation and egg production) for ruminants and non-ruminants.
    • Placental attachment differs among species.
    • Oviposition is described in detail in different avian species.

    Male Reproduction

    • The testes, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory fluids, and penis play crucial roles in reproduction.
    • Testosterone and estrogen play significant roles in the cooling system.

    Accessory Fluids

    • Vascular and Fibrous tissues contribute to the penis structure.

    Intercellular Communication

    • Four types of cell communication (gap junctions, neural, paracrine, and endocrine) are described in detail.
    • Functions, location, and effects are included for each.

    Nervous & Endocrine Systems

    • Nervous system features (neurotransmitters, speed, short duration) and Endocrine characteristics (hormones, slow speed, long-term effects) are explained.
    • Key endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, parathyroid) and their functions are noted.

    Receptors

    • Receptors bind to chemicals and relay messages to cells.
    • Endocrine system-2nd messenger involves hormones binding to cell surface receptors.
    • Positive and negative feedback and receptor numbers influence control.

    Genetics

    • Endangered species, genetic improvement examples, diseases, and linkages of genetic to phenotypic traits are explored.
    • Understanding genetic dominance and recessiveness in animals.
    • Concepts of homozygous and heterozygous traits are explained.

    Traits & Feeding Systems

    • Qualitative vs. Quantitative traits are discussed.
    • Outbreeding and crossbreeding techniques.
    • Types of domestication are explored (inbreeding and outbreeding).

    Outbreeding/Crossbreeding

    • Benefits and drawbacks of outbreeding and crossbreeding

    Embryo Transfer

    • Methods for embryo transfer, including superovulation and embryo splitting.
    • Cloning procedures.
    • Genetic modification in animals are described.

    Transgenic

    • Insertion of genes from one species to another.
    • Genomic DNA fingerprinting.

    Immunology

    • Immunological terminology (antibiotics, antigens, antibodies, antisera, antitoxins, and immunizations).
    • Immunological responses in animals are described.
    • Antibody production and responses are discussed.

    Avian flu

    • Characteristics of avian flu and clinical signs in cattle.
    • Description of the transmission from animals to humans.

    Dairy Products

    • Dairy products and their composition (fluid milk, yogurt, cheese).
    • Milk fat content in various animal types.
    • Different types of dairy breeds in the United States.

    U.S. Breed Distribution

    • Factors for determining producer payment.
    • Factors affecting milk grades (somatic cell count (SCC), bacteria level, etc.).
    • Different classes for dairy products are mentioned.

    Processing and Shelf Life of Milk

    • Important details about pasteurization (HTST, HHST, UHT), microfiltration, and bactofugation practices in milk processing are discussed.
    • Shelf-life of milk (refrigerated, non-refrigerated).

    Milk Composition

    • Milk composition is described for water, lactose, fat, protein, minerals, and other elements.
    • Mammary glands (cow, mare, sow, ewe, cat, dog, elephant, whale, giraffe) are named/identified based on species.

    Lactation Physiology

    • Mammary glands (cow, mare, sow, ewe, cat, dog, elephant, whale, giraffe) in different animals.

    Milking Frequency & Lactation Cycle

    • Factors affecting milking frequency and the duration of lactation are explained.

    Beef Cattle

    • Historical overview of beef cattle breeding and development
    • Beef cattle breeds (European, Zebu, and Synthetics).
    • Breed requirements (size, temperament, maternal ability, and other characteristics).

    Stocker

    • Natural maturation.
    • Forages.
    • Pasture.
    • Crop residue.
    • Types of feed.
    • Objectives for cattle in the stocker stage.

    Beef Processing

    • Quality factors impacting the selection of graded cattle carcasses are included.
    • Estrous cycle, gestation periods, and breeding seasons in species of cattle are described.

    Keeping & Selling Offspring

    • Factors influencing calf/heifer breeding are listed.
    • Determining the best time for calving (spring vs. fall).

    Equine

    • Detailed information on equine breeds is provided.
    • Historical overview is given.
    • Measurement (hands).

    Equine Other (Other Equids, Development, Social Behavior, Curatorial)

    • Other equids, development, social behavior, and curatorial practices.
    • Detailed descriptions, characteristics, and related factors are discussed.

    Eye (Anatomy)

    • Detailed anatomy of the eye (location, characteristics, accommodation) is provided.
    • Comparative analysis between human and animal eyes are presented.

    Trichromic & Dichromic Vision

    • Comparison and contrast for trichromacy and dichromacy vision in humans and horses based on wavelengths.
    • Details on limb anatomy (length, weight, stride), which affect how efficiently an animal moves are provided.

    Human Comparison (Anatomy)

    • Human structure comparisons.
    • Comparisons are made on factors like digestion efficiency from various animals to humans.

    Spleen Function, Conformation, Genetic Wrecks, Reproduction

    • Detailed function of the spleen and examples of conformation (putting parts together) in animals.
    • Genetic abnormalities (SCID, etc.) in animals are explained.
    • Details on reproductive cycles, gestation periods, and birth characteristics.

    Lowest Reproduction Rate

    • Factors influencing the lowest reproductive rate are explained.
    • Physiological aspects and long gestation periods that lead to slow reproduction rates.

    Pet Expenditures

    • Data is presented for estimated pet industry expenditures.
    • Examples of dog breeds and domestication events (self- vs. intentional).

    Other Domestication Effects

    • The impact of domestication on animal brain capacity is explored.
    • A detailed overview of domestication effects on several animal types.

    Notes on various animals (Sheep, Goats, etc)

    • Details on the various breeds and their characteristics, types, and special needs are provided.
    • Reproduction cycle details (seasonal vs. non-seasonal breeders, average gestation periods, etc.)

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    Related Documents

    Animal Science PDF - Class Notes

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the principles of animal breeding, focusing on cattle, traits, and domestication concepts. This quiz covers various characteristics of breeds, genetic traits, and the implications of inbreeding versus outbreeding in livestock management.

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