Animal Breeding and Genetics Quiz

Animal Science 09/23

• Understanding animal behavior is crucial in animal science.
• Quizzes are online, following the class.
• No required textbook is used.
• Three written exams and one final exam are administered.
• Quizzes are also part of the assessment.
• Key to success: attending class, reviewing slides before class, developing study skills, and avoiding group studying.
• Animal science is essential for understanding human anatomy (omnivores).
• The industry spends 6% of its US budget on animal-based food (dairy, leather, byproducts for food/fuel, e.g. fertilizer).

Sex Classes

• Species, mature male/female, castrated male, immature male, immature female, newborn, and parturition process are important for study.
• Specific terms are used to classify animal types
• Key species classification terms exist for mature animals, mature females, castrated males, immature males, and females, newborns, and the parturition process (the act of giving birth).

Introduction

• Tame animals are relatively tolerant to human presence.
• Introduced species are not native to their current location.
• Invasive species cause damage and tend to spread.
• Understanding the characteristics of domestication, wild, feral, and introduced species is vital.

Domestication

• Theory 1: intentional domestication of animals like sheep, goats, cattle, and horses.
• Theory 2: self-domestication of animals in areas like village dumps.
• Dog domestication: a process of self-domestication.

Remembering Animal Domestication

• Domesticated/wild animals (camels, llamas, chickens, turkeys, elephants) are different.
• Some animals (pigs) are hard to domesticate.
• Controlling reproduction, size, and controlling their behavior are key to domestication.
• Understanding the non-domesticated species is important.

Digestive Systems & Strategies

• Water, energy, protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals are essential for survival.
• Continuous feeders (horses) eat throughout the day, consuming small amounts.
• Discontinuous feeders (humans, cats) eat less frequently and larger amounts.
• Various feeding methods exist (hunters, grazers, scavengers).

Digestive Primary Systems

• Carnivores, Omnivores, and Herbivores have different requirements for digestion.
• Monogastric systems have one stomach and are found in carnivores and omnivores.
• Ruminants have four stomach chamber systems for digesting plant materials. (Herbivores)
• Non-ruminants have a single stomach for digestion. (Herbivores)

Modified Monogastric Systems

• Descriptions and diagrams illustrating the anatomy of these modified monogastric systems in birds (avian).
• Mastication and digestion processes are described.
• The overall anatomy of these systems are illustrated.

Digestion

• Pretension, mastication, digestion of food (chemical (microbial)), absorption, and elimination are important.
• Types of digestive systems (monogastric, ruminant, and non-ruminant) are further discussed.
• Different diagrams are included to help visualize these various systems.

One gastric Stomach Systems

• Describes the structure and function of parts in a monogastric digestive system. (Human, dog, cat, pig).
• Importance of mucous and parietal cells for protection and HCl secretion in the stomach's digestive process.
• The small intestine's role in digestion and absorption is described.
• Discusses the function and importance of the cecum and large intestine, in digestion and absorption.

Ruminant Herbiors

• The structural features of these systems are described.

Non-ruminant Herbivores

• Equines (horses, rabbits, and elephants) have non-ruminant digestive systems.
• Comparing of ruminants vs. non-ruminants are discussed.

Nutrition & Feed Resources

• Animals are composed of water, protein, fat, and ash.
• Water is essential for transport, lubrication, and cooling.
• Carbohydrates are the primary energy source.

Monogastric-simple Chos (Glucose)

• Simple CHO's-provide energy to ruminants and non-ruminants.
• Energy in terms of fats and lipids are included.
• Importance of protein, and amino acids.

Minerals & Vitamins

• Macro and micro minerals(Ca, Na, K, P) are essential for various bodily functions.
• Fat-soluble vitamins(A, D, E, K) are important, along with water-soluble vitamins (B-complex, C).
• Factors influencing nutrient requirements (changes in weight and production level).

Feed Classifications

• Roughages: low in nutrients, plant components that are not seeds, grains, or fruits.
• Concentrates: high in energy, primarily grains.

Processing & Storage

• Processing seeds, corn, and other feeds improves digestibility.
• Additives (vitamins, minerals, etc.) are added to support animal nutrition.
• Storage methods and their effect on nutrient quality are explained.

Reproduction

• Estrous and menstrual cycles are important reproductive events in mammals, initiating pregnancy.
• Duplex, bicornuate, and simplex reproductive cycles are determined (ovulation and egg production) for ruminants and non-ruminants.
• Placental attachment differs among species.
• Oviposition is described in detail in different avian species.

Male Reproduction

• The testes, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory fluids, and penis play crucial roles in reproduction.
• Testosterone and estrogen play significant roles in the cooling system.

Accessory Fluids

• Vascular and Fibrous tissues contribute to the penis structure.

Intercellular Communication

• Four types of cell communication (gap junctions, neural, paracrine, and endocrine) are described in detail.
• Functions, location, and effects are included for each.

Nervous & Endocrine Systems

• Nervous system features (neurotransmitters, speed, short duration) and Endocrine characteristics (hormones, slow speed, long-term effects) are explained.
• Key endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, parathyroid) and their functions are noted.

Receptors

• Receptors bind to chemicals and relay messages to cells.
• Endocrine system-2nd messenger involves hormones binding to cell surface receptors.
• Positive and negative feedback and receptor numbers influence control.

Genetics

• Endangered species, genetic improvement examples, diseases, and linkages of genetic to phenotypic traits are explored.
• Understanding genetic dominance and recessiveness in animals.
• Concepts of homozygous and heterozygous traits are explained.

Traits & Feeding Systems

• Qualitative vs. Quantitative traits are discussed.
• Outbreeding and crossbreeding techniques.
• Types of domestication are explored (inbreeding and outbreeding).

Outbreeding/Crossbreeding

• Benefits and drawbacks of outbreeding and crossbreeding

Embryo Transfer

• Methods for embryo transfer, including superovulation and embryo splitting.
• Cloning procedures.
• Genetic modification in animals are described.

Transgenic

• Insertion of genes from one species to another.
• Genomic DNA fingerprinting.

Immunology

• Immunological terminology (antibiotics, antigens, antibodies, antisera, antitoxins, and immunizations).
• Immunological responses in animals are described.
• Antibody production and responses are discussed.

Avian flu

• Characteristics of avian flu and clinical signs in cattle.
• Description of the transmission from animals to humans.

Dairy Products

• Dairy products and their composition (fluid milk, yogurt, cheese).
• Milk fat content in various animal types.
• Different types of dairy breeds in the United States.

U.S. Breed Distribution

• Factors for determining producer payment.
• Factors affecting milk grades (somatic cell count (SCC), bacteria level, etc.).
• Different classes for dairy products are mentioned.

Processing and Shelf Life of Milk

• Important details about pasteurization (HTST, HHST, UHT), microfiltration, and bactofugation practices in milk processing are discussed.
• Shelf-life of milk (refrigerated, non-refrigerated).

Milk Composition

• Milk composition is described for water, lactose, fat, protein, minerals, and other elements.
• Mammary glands (cow, mare, sow, ewe, cat, dog, elephant, whale, giraffe) are named/identified based on species.

Lactation Physiology

• Mammary glands (cow, mare, sow, ewe, cat, dog, elephant, whale, giraffe) in different animals.

Milking Frequency & Lactation Cycle

• Factors affecting milking frequency and the duration of lactation are explained.

Beef Cattle

• Historical overview of beef cattle breeding and development
• Beef cattle breeds (European, Zebu, and Synthetics).
• Breed requirements (size, temperament, maternal ability, and other characteristics).

Stocker

• Natural maturation.
• Forages.
• Pasture.
• Crop residue.
• Types of feed.
• Objectives for cattle in the stocker stage.

Beef Processing

• Quality factors impacting the selection of graded cattle carcasses are included.
• Estrous cycle, gestation periods, and breeding seasons in species of cattle are described.

Keeping & Selling Offspring

• Factors influencing calf/heifer breeding are listed.
• Determining the best time for calving (spring vs. fall).

Equine

• Detailed information on equine breeds is provided.
• Historical overview is given.
• Measurement (hands).

Equine Other (Other Equids, Development, Social Behavior, Curatorial)

• Other equids, development, social behavior, and curatorial practices.
• Detailed descriptions, characteristics, and related factors are discussed.

Eye (Anatomy)

• Detailed anatomy of the eye (location, characteristics, accommodation) is provided.
• Comparative analysis between human and animal eyes are presented.

Trichromic & Dichromic Vision

• Comparison and contrast for trichromacy and dichromacy vision in humans and horses based on wavelengths.
• Details on limb anatomy (length, weight, stride), which affect how efficiently an animal moves are provided.

Human Comparison (Anatomy)

• Human structure comparisons.
• Comparisons are made on factors like digestion efficiency from various animals to humans.

Spleen Function, Conformation, Genetic Wrecks, Reproduction

• Detailed function of the spleen and examples of conformation (putting parts together) in animals.
• Genetic abnormalities (SCID, etc.) in animals are explained.
• Details on reproductive cycles, gestation periods, and birth characteristics.

Lowest Reproduction Rate

• Factors influencing the lowest reproductive rate are explained.
• Physiological aspects and long gestation periods that lead to slow reproduction rates.

Pet Expenditures

• Data is presented for estimated pet industry expenditures.
• Examples of dog breeds and domestication events (self- vs. intentional).

Other Domestication Effects

• The impact of domestication on animal brain capacity is explored.
• A detailed overview of domestication effects on several animal types.

Notes on various animals (Sheep, Goats, etc)

• Details on the various breeds and their characteristics, types, and special needs are provided.
• Reproduction cycle details (seasonal vs. non-seasonal breeders, average gestation periods, etc.)