Animal Body Plans/Trends and Groups

• The following are key topics for study, broken down by chapter:

Ch. 30: Animals - Body Plans/Trends

• Study animal symmetry types like radial and bilateral
• Understand benefits to each type
• Study the diversification of tissues, including diploblastic and triploblastic organisms
• Understand body cavity types (acoelomate, eucoelomate, pseudocoelomate) and their relation to animal relatedness
• Study animal segmentation, its benefits, and animals that exhibit it
• Study the origins of animals by understanding the syncytial ciliate hypothesis and the colonial flagellate hypothesis
• Review feeding categories/lifestyles of animals
• Know the basal groups of animals

Ch. 31-32: Groups of Animals

• Study major branches and groups of animals
• Review the taxonomy sheet for all groups with general knowledge about each

Ch. 39: How Animals Work - Levels of Organization

• Know how surface area to volume ratio influences scalability in animals
• Study basic tissue types:
• Epithelial tissues, including simple and stratified types, shapes (cuboidal, squamous, columnar), and locations
• Connective tissues, know characteristics and examples like adipose, blood, cartilage, bone and loose connective tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Muscle tissue, including types like cardiac, striated, and smooth
• Review homeostasis by knowing the terms:
• Ectothermy
• Endothermy
• Poikilothermy
• Homeothermy
• Study regulators/conformers, know examples
• Understand homeostatic control via negative and positive feedback mechanisms
• Study heat exchange types and directions
• Know the Q10 effect
• Study metabolic heat production mechanisms
• Review hibernation/torpor

Ch. 40: Osmoregulation/Excretion - Water Balance Issues

• Study freshwater vs. marine concerns regarding water balance
• Define anadromy and catadromy
• Study the basics of osmosis in animals
• Review how animals prevent desiccation/water loss.

Excretory Systems

• Nitrogenous waste removal is important
• Study methods for disposal in different groups of animals
• Study aspects of excretory systems
• Know the different types of excretory wastes removed by different animals and why
• Study the different types of excretory organs discussed and their parts:
• Protonephridia
• Metanephridia
• Malphigian tubules
• Know the parts of the nephron and the vertebrate kidney

Ch. 41: Digestion

• Study various types of dentition and feeding adaptations
• Review basic setups for simple digestive systems
• Review the basic setup for mammalian digestive tract
• Know the digestive organs, including accessory organs, and their functions
• Study the chart for chemical digestion, noting enzymes produced, where, and their actions

Ch. 42: Circulation/Gas Exchange - Gas Exchange

• Study gas exchange systems using diffusion, gills, lungs, skin, and tracheal systems
• Review common characteristics for respiratory surfaces and why
• Review the basic design of respiratory systems in mammals (lungs, capillaries, blood cells) and in birds (continuous breathing)
• Effects related to physics include osmosis, diffusion, partial pressures of gases, laws of continuity

Circulation

• Study circulatory system types and organisms containing them
• Review the differences between open and closed circulatory systems
• Study circulatory system differences in tetrapods
• Review double circulation and know what problem this solves, and how this relates to the number of heart chambers
• Review mixing of deoxy and oxy blood
• Know the basic path of blood through a 4-chambered heart and major associated vessels
• Review arteries, veins, and lymph vessels--definitions/differences
• Understand why veins have valves
• Know the parts of the human heart
• Know how blood pressure is measured and affected
• Review the different elements of blood and their roles
• Review how erythrocyte levels are maintained
• Define ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes
• Know what causes a heart attack