Animal Biology: Molluscs and Annelids Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the three main body parts of a mollusc?

Radula, mantle cavity, hemocoel

Coelom, segmented body, mantle

Muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle (correct)

Head, thorax, abdomen

What is the function of a radula in molluscs?

Scrapes up food (correct)

Facilitates movement

Stores waste products

Secretes calcium carbonate

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of annelids?

Found in aquatic habitats

Coelom

Radula for feeding (correct)

Segmented body

What distinguishes the two major clades of Annelida?

Habitat and mobility Signup and view all the answers

How do leeches obtain blood from their hosts?

Using bladelike jaws and anesthetic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Deuterostomia is true?

It includes organisms with a unique water vascular system. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of documented animal species extinctions do molluscs account for?

40% Signup and view all the answers

Which habitat is commonly associated with nematodes?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes flatworms in the phylum Platyhelminthes?

They are characterized by being dorsoventrally flattened. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes tapeworms?

They obtain nutrients by absorption through their body surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main body cavity found in molluscs?

Hemocoel Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the scolex in tapeworms?

It helps the tapeworm to attach to the intestinal lining of its host. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amnion during embryonic development?

To protect the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which clade does not belong to the three major divisions of Bilateria?

Platyhelminthes Signup and view all the answers

What structure provides support and attachment sites for muscles in chordates?

Notochord Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is a key adaptation that allows reptiles to reproduce on land?

Scales that contain keratin Signup and view all the answers

Which system is unique to echinoderms and plays a role in locomotion and feeding?

Water vascular system Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is shared by all members of the Deuterostomia clade?

Possession of gill slits at some stage of development. Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry do echinoderm larvae exhibit?

Bilateral symmetry Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic do all mammals share regarding their young?

They produce milk to nourish their young Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classes of flatworms is exclusively parasitic?

Cestoda Signup and view all the answers

What group of invertebrates are more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates?

Cephalochordates Signup and view all the answers

How do the bones of many birds contribute to their ability to fly?

They have a honeycombed internal structure filled with air. Signup and view all the answers

How do flatworms maximize their surface area for physiological processes?

By being only a few cells thick. Signup and view all the answers

What does the notochord eventually develop into for most vertebrates?

Complex, jointed skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which group of reptiles has the highest number of species?

Lizards and snakes Signup and view all the answers

What are the four key characteristics of chordates?

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail Signup and view all the answers

What role does the allantois serve in embryonic development?

Disposal of metabolic wastes Signup and view all the answers

How do echinoderms typically reproduce?

Sexually through external fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What feature differentiates mammalian skin from reptilian skin?

Mammals possess fur or hair. Signup and view all the answers

How do reptiles' shelled eggs benefit their reproduction process?

They protect the egg from drying out. Signup and view all the answers

What role do the tube feet in echinoderms primarily serve?

Locomotion and feeding Signup and view all the answers

What function does the opposable thumb serve in non-human monkeys and apes?

Power grip Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates New World monkeys from Old World monkeys?

Prehensile tail Signup and view all the answers

What derived characteristic is NOT associated with humans?

Prehensile tail Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of human origins called?

Paleoanthropology Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the foramen magnum is indicative of upright bipedalism in early hominins?

Located underneath the skull Signup and view all the answers

How similar is the human genome to that of chimpanzees?

99% similar Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by Sahelanthropus and modern humans?

Flat faces Signup and view all the answers

Which species is considered one of the oldest known hominins?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the human-chimpanzee last common ancestor?

They were the same species as modern chimps. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the tissues in animals?

Tissues are composed of groups of similar cells with common structures or functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the phyla of animals?

Sponges are considered basal animals in the animal phylogeny. Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type is NOT one of the four main types found in complex animals?

Vascular Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of reproduction in most animals?

Sexual reproduction dominated by diploid stages. Signup and view all the answers

What feature is characteristic of more complex organisms in relation to their body plans?

Compact mass of cells with organized structures. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a derived characteristic of members of the genus Homo?

Ability to fly. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding cell structure and specialization in animals?

Nervous and muscle tissue define characteristics of later diverging animals. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Animal Phyla

Fungi
Porifera
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Acoela
Hemichordata
Echinodermata
Chordata
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Anthropoda

Fish

Jawless Fish
Cartilaginous fish
Bony fish
Lobe-finned fish + ray-finned fish

Tetrapods

Amphibians
Sauropsids
Mammals:
- Synapsids
- Monotrees
- Marsupials
- Eutherians
- Living primates
- Lemurs
- Tarsiers
- Anthropoids

Animal Characteristics

Heterotrophic: Unable to make their own food; rely on compounds produced by other organisms.
Multicellular: Composed of many cells.
Tissues: Cells that develop from embryonic layers.
Lack cell walls: Support comes from external proteins, such as collagen
Diploblastic: Two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm)
Triploblastic: Three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm)

Animal Development

Most animals reproduce sexually.
The diploid stage usually dominates.
Sperm and egg cells are produced directly by meiosis.
During gastrulation, cells move to an interior location, and cell layers are established. A primitive digestive tube forms
Gastrulation rearranges the hollow blastula into a layered embryo (gastrula).
Cleavage = a succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between divisions
The cell layers are collectively called embryonic germ layers.

Animal Body Plans

Asymmetry: No symmetry
Radial: Two axes
Bilateral: One axis
Coelomate: Animals possessing a body cavity (fluid or air-filled) located between the digestive tract and outer body wall
Pseudocoelomate: Body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm
Acoelomate: Lacks a body cavity
Diploblastic: Two germ layers
Triploblastic: Three germ layers

Animal Body Cavities

Coelom: Body cavity derived from mesoderm.
Coelom fluid cushions internal organs.
The fluid in the coelom acts like a skeleton.
Coeloms help prevent internal injury.
Pseudocoelom: A body cavity that is not completely lined with mesoderm.
Acoelomates lack a body cavity.
Body cavities help provide structural support and facilitate internal transport of nutrients, gases and wastes.

Protostome and Deuterostome Development

Protostome development is characterized by spiral, determinate cleavage
Deuterostome development is characterized by radial, indeterminate cleavage
Protostomes: Mouth develops from the blastopore
Deuterostomes: Anus develops from the blastopore
Coelom formation differs between the two

Animal Phylogeny

Sponges are the sister group to all other animals.
Eumetazoans are a clade of animals with tissues.
Basaleumetazoans generally have radial symmetry.
Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria.
Bilaterians generally are characterized by bilateral symmetry and three prominent germ layers (a derived trait).
The Cambrian explosion was primarily a rapid diversification of bilaterians.
The three major clades of bilaterians are Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa.

Other Key Concepts

Choanoflagellates are the closest extant protist relatives of animals.
Evolutionarily, Porifera is considered a basal animal phylum.
Bilateria is a monophyletic clade.
Chordates have a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail. Vertebrates have/had a backbone.
Deuterostomes include Chordates.
Primates are a diverse group of mammals, some with adaptations for arboreal (tree-dwelling) life, including complex social behavior and a relatively large brain.

Additional Information

Hox genes play a role in the development of body plans in many organisms.
Development of vertebrate traits like jaws, limbs, and the amniotic egg are major evolutionary adaptations.
Many animal phyla are characterized by specific body plans, tissues, and developmental patterns.
Convergent evolution is a process where similar adaptations evolve in distantly related lineages due to similar selection pressures.

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Description

Test your knowledge on molluscs and annelids with this quiz. Explore their anatomy, habitats, feeding mechanisms, and significant biological features. Perfect for students studying animal biology or related fields.