Animal Biology and Anatomy Questions

• The text presents lecture notes on general zoology

Branches of Science

• Mammalogy focuses on the study of mammals
• Ichthyology studies fish
• Ornithology studies birds

Classification of Living Things

• Animals are one classification, including humans as mammals
• Plants are a separate classification
• Microbes form another classification

Morphology

• Zoology entails the study of animals
• Anatomy is concerned with the internal features of animals
• Cytology studies cells
• Embryology studies the development of embryos
• Ethology studies animal behavior
• Genetics studies heredity and variations
• Histology studies tissues
• Morphology studies the forms and external features of animals Organology studies the different organs of the body
• Paleontology studies fossils
• Paleozoology specifically addresses the study of animal fossils
• Pathology is concerned with diseases
• Physiology studies the functions of the different structures of the body
• Taxonomy is involved with the classifications of organisms
• Botany studies plants
• Biology studies living organisms
• Entomology studies insects

Differences Between Plants and Animals

• Plants contain chlorophyll
• Plants can produce their own food through photosynthesis, making them autotrophs
• Plants are stationary
• Plants cannot produce sound
• Plants do not engage in mating
• Plants cannot find prey
• Plants release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide
• Plants cannot digest solid food
• Plants need pollinators to reproduce
• Plants do not have a definite size
• A plant cell has a cell wall, which is thick and rigid
• Plants do not have a nervous system and can be poisonous
• Plants lack survival skills and muscles
• Plants do not have 5 senses or emotions
• Growth proportion is unique
• Plants have a slow response to stimuli.
• Animals do not contain chlorophyll, making them heterotrophs that cannot produce their own food
• Animals can move from place to place and produce sound
• Animals can engage in mating and find prey
• Animals release carbon dioxide and absorb oxygen
• Animals can digest solid food
• Animals need the opposite sex to reproduce
• Animals have a definite size and cell membrane that is thin and elastic
• Animals have a nervous system and can be venomous
• Animals have intricate survival skills and muscles
• Animals possess complex behavior with 5 senses and emotions
• Growth proportion is unique
• Animals have a faster sensitivity and rapid response to stimuli

Similarities Between Plants and Animals

• Both react to stimuli at different rates
• Both are made up of cells and need food and water

Main Branches of Science

• Pure science needs basic research
• Social science is a category of pure science
• Natural Science is the study of physical and biological science that studies living organisms
• Applied science refers to the use of science to solve practical problems

Historical Background and Development of Zoology

Zoology

• Zoology is an animal science and one of the fields of biological sciences that deals with animals
• Studies the morphological, anatomical, and physiological characteristics of animals, from microscopic to macroscopic structures
• It includes evolutionary, taxonomical, and ecological perspectives on animal life

Ancient Greeks

• The systematic study of animals became rational, which was encouraged by extensive descriptions of living things

Aristotle (384 – 322 b.c.)

• Created the science of biology, attempted a comprehensive classification of animals, and established a hierarchy of animals based on the logic of structure
• Works include History of Animals, Parts of Animals, and Generation of Animals
• He is considered as the Father of Zoology

Roman Times

• Pliny the Elder (a.d. 23 – 79) wrote Historia naturalis (Natural History) compiling myths and facts about celestial bodies, geography, animals and plants, metals, and stone
• Material consists of 37 volumes, where Volumes VII to XI are about Zoology, specifically land animals in Volume VIII
• Galen (129 - 199?) dissected animals for studies in human anatomy
• Shaped the standard for use in medicine throughout the Middle Ages

Middle Ages

• Zoology continued in the Aristotelian tradition
• Naturalists became more critical as they based their works on directly observing animal life, giving mechanistic views of life processes
• Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564) introduced modern Western medicine with his human anatomy De humani corporis fabrica
• Used animal parts to show structures such as the kidney
• Conrad Gessner (1516 – 1565) was known for his great zoological work, Historiae animalium, which was considered as the starting-point of modern zoology
• Regarded as the Father of Modern Zoology
• William Harvey (1578 – 1657) demonstrated the circulation of blood and functions of the heart, arteries and veins in his book "Anatomical dissertation concerning the motion of the heart and blood"

16th Century

• Hans and Zaccharias Janssen invented the first simple and compound microscope with 3x and 9x magnifications
• They were not given the proper recognition

17th Century

• Improvements to microscopy paved way for many discoveries in the 17th century
• Robert Hooke (1535 – 1703) presented the first published depiction of a microorganism, the microfungus Mucor, and included his observation on cork of plant
• He described it as tiny boxes resembling the rooms of monastery, which we now know as cells in published book, Micrographia (1665)
• Became the Father of Cellular Biology
• John Ray (1627 – 1705) sought to understand and classify all known animals based on internal physical characteristics like anatomy
• Divided birds into land and waterfowl and included whales and dolphins as a special group among fishes
• Marcello Malpighi (1628 – 1694) and Jan Swammerdam (1637 – 1680) discovered the role of capillaries
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) with the use of his own simple microscope
• With 25x to 250x magnification, he reported his discovery on bacteria and protozoa, which he called as "little animals"
• Microscopy later helped the backbone of identifying and understanding the microscopic structures of both macroscopic and microscopic organisms

18th Century

• Zoology passed through reforms provided by the system of nomenclature of Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778),
• The Binomial System of Nomenclature, introduced in his Systema naturae (1735), that marked the beginning of the modern system of classification

19th Century

• Zoology dominated by Comparative morphology
• Georges Cuvier (1769 – 1832) did not only establish many of the fundamental taxonomic groups, but together with J. B. Lamarck studied invertebrates and vertebrates
• Established the relationships of fossils to recent forms
• Botanist Matthias Schleiden (1804 – 1881) & Zoologist Theodore Schwann (1810 – 1882) formulated the first unifying principle of biology, the Cell Theory, stating that, “The cell is the structural unit of all living things”
• Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (1821 – 1902) formulated the other component of the Cell Theory, which states that “Cell came from pre-existing cell" and the nucleus in plant cells by Robert Brown (1831)
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829) is best known for his Lamarckism, a theory of evolution which says that acquired characteristics are inheritable
• Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) is associated with exotic animals in his studies on the HMS Beagle (Her/His Majesty Ship),
• Along with A. R. Wallace is also known with the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

20th Century

• Zoology became a laboratory science
• Technological advances allowed scientists to have direct observations on biological processes
• Molecular and cellular works in zoology were established in most of the researches done
• Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907 – 1988), one of the founders of ethology, used field experiments by altering the surroundings of the wasp's burrows to observe how they go back to them after hunting
• Comparing the DNA of different species improved the knowledge of evolutionary relationships
• Desmond Morris (1928-) applied ethological techniques to humanity in his bestseller "The Naked Ape"
• Edward O. Wilson (1929 - )is an American sociobiologist and entomologist.
• Worked and wrote the preservation of natural habitats and creatures
• One of the challenges now to modern zoology is the destruction of vast of the animal habitats, and the extinction of many animal species where much of their natural behavior cannot be observed

Ancient Science

• Hellenic Period (400-330 BC) focused on the work of Aristotle
• Aristotle is the father of biology Collected facts about 500 animals and devised the 1st Classification System of Animals
• Proposed that animals can be grouped into blooded and non-blooded
• De Generatione Animalium includes his Works of Historia Animalium (History of Animals) and De Partibus Animalium

Cro-Magnon

• Etchings and cave sketches of animals as documentations: deer, fish, reindeer

Stone Age

• 1,8 million years to 18000 years BC includes wall paints and engraved bones of deer reproduction

Medieval Time

• Early to late middle ages (1200s) was important for the field of science
• Used mythology and folklore to describe natural history by emphasizing the works of Sir Albert the Great
• Albertus Magnus cited animals according to their genus, dwelling places, and motion and translated the version of "On Animals, a Medieval Summa Zoology,"
• Gave attention to both terrestrial and aquatic animals, and used dissection to connect behavior functions to internal structures

Early Modern Era

• Historians noted anatomical similarities between the human skeleton and that of birds Published observation of fishes, marine mammals and birds in La Nature and Diversite Les Poisions (1551)
• Famous natural historian Edward Topsell, published Historie of Four-Footed Begstes (1607) and Historie of Serpents (1608), which primarily serve the religious context in the Bible
• Conrad Gesner contributed to the 16th century progression of Zoology
• Animalum is a 5 volume bibliography of his knowledge of plants and animals, but used the same method of classification as Aristotle
• Robert Hooke (1665) improved the compound microscope; observed the cork of plant and saw tiny boxes which he called cell
• Antoine can Leeuwenhoek (1600s - 1700s) made the 1st simplest microscope (single lens, 200x-300x)and was one of the 1st scientists to observe microorganisms;
  • He introduced the term "animalcules" which means tiny creatures
  • 1st to see live bacteria and protozoa, and Father of Microbiology, Bacteriology, and Protozoology
• Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), Father of Modern Taxonomy introduced the "Binomial System of Nomenclature" including scientific names that contain the genus an species in Systema Naturae
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1774-1829) , advocated Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters along with the tree of life
• Alfred Russel Wallace 1823-1931) came up with his Theory of Natural Selection before Darwin and defined a line, the Wallace Line, that separates the Indonesian archipelago He is the Father of Biogeography due to his research on the basin of the river of Amazon
• Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) states species come from a common ancestor on origin of species: Natural Selection Theory and evolved through the process of natural selection

Module 2 : Cell Definitions

Cell

• Smallest functional unit of the body
• Carries all biological processes
• Tissue : group of cells
• Most cells are microscopic. Example of a macroscopic cell is Egg

Cytology

• Science focusing on the study of cells

Notable Scientists

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

• Made a simple and single-lens microscope with magnification of about 275x

Robert Hook

Discovered those tiny boxes or pores that look like the rooms in monastery, where he got the term "cell", studying plant corks

Other Contributors

Theodor Schwann botanist and Matthias Schleiden zoologist - proposed that cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.

Rudolf Virchow

• Observed cells divide and that living cells arise only from other living cells

Cell Theory

• Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow contributed to the Cell Theory
  • The cell is the structural and functional unit of living things
  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • All cells came from pre-existing cells.

2 cell types

• Cell is the basic unit of life and Atoms the basic unit of matter, Wala sa body, smaller sa cell, Plant Cell, Animal Cell -Size or shape, Cell wall, Centriole, Chloroplast, color.

• animal cells lack cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles

Three Basic Parts of the Cell:

• Plasma Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus

Organelles

• Basic cell parts that perform the physiological activities of the cell

Cell membrane

• Also called plasma membrane.
  • Covers and protects the cell.
  • A semi-permeable membrane that controls the moving of materials into and out the cell.
  • Separates the cell from its external environment where Covers and protects ,gives shape
• Bilayer Phospholipid - Phosphate layers and polar heads with hydrophobic Lipid layers and non-polar tails Selects materials and regulates movements
• Fluid Mosaic Model Contains various materials or molecules Phospholipids, Cholesterol proteins

Cell Wall

• None in animal cells
  • Freely Permeable and Porous but no direct effect on the materials
  • Rigidity with Plants: with cellulose giving support and protection
  • Fungi: with chitin

Cytoplasm

• Also called as protoplasm.
  • Inside of, Jelly or suppends all Organelles.
  • Called a Living Substance that performs all the physiological properties of the cell - in the gel-like Material contains cytosal with 70% Mix with cyto skeleton filaments and dissolved materials.
• Tiny organiles help the cell to sustain

Organelles:

• Role in microtubules that serve as skeletal, responsilble in mitosis:
• Centrioles in Centrosomes located
• Circulatory,Internal transport that Allows molecules in the cell to move from one part to another system

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Rough ER - membrane lined with rhibomes: Protein transfer and transport
• Smooth ER - Non Protrin for trnasfer - No rhibosomes

Golgi Apparatus or complex/ body

• Packaging and secretory vesicle cells. -Collects materials from the organelles that are needed to be disposed and cisternae called dictyosome,
• Protein Collector and Dspatcher involved in the lipids distitution
• • Rhibosomes, Lysosmes and Mitocondrea
• Rhibosomes:Most commn cells surrounded by membrane in Protein micro-machines
• Lysosmes:Digestion produced by the Golgi body and Digests excessive and worn out
• Mitocondrea act like a digestive system. Contains smooth/double membrane with cristae infoldings to break down molecules ATP Manifacture
• Vacuoles: Bubbles for storage and transport

Nucleus

Normally largest controls the cell with an envelope containing all of DNA called chromosomes and hereditary with instructions called nucleolus that assist the Exocytosis

• Peroxisome(microbody)Oxidative organ,contains enzymes tooxidize damage
• Cytoskeleton made of microtubles: skeleton structure of cell

Chloroplasts

Thylakoid: grana and stroma sites of photosythessis Flagella and Cilila for movements cell orgenized as cells > tissue and orgen.

Cell Kinds

Prokariotic: "False" nucleus found in uni cells bacteria. Eukaryote:"Thue" found in multicellular The forms and tissues squamos. CubodialCells - kidney. Columnar intesite.

Polygonal - livfer cells .Stellate Cells - nerve Amorphus Cells -White blood Oval Cells - Red blood Spiderbones Fusiforms - smooth Threadlike sperm

-Epithelail tissue mainly used to support the body with connective and the layers of skin

Muscular tissue importatn for moment gives body forms and shape and vascular system

Blood types

• Erthro/baosphil/netroLymphocyte - wbc Red are more abundant in blood 1 - Eosin Vascular System - Has two basic stste- intterphase and m-phase. Interphase in the orgnelles And G1

The m-phase can take four courses Pro,,metaAna nd telo hase

Test your knowledge of animal biology, anatomy, and classification. Topics include animal vs. plant characteristics, the function of fallopian tubes, and connecting structures in human anatomy. Also covers Paleozoology and entomology.