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Questions and Answers
In the context of animal development, what is the ultimate consequence of a failure in the concentration of cytoplasm during oogenesis on the resulting embryo?
In the context of animal development, what is the ultimate consequence of a failure in the concentration of cytoplasm during oogenesis on the resulting embryo?
- The embryo is unable to sustain adequate nourishment, leading to developmental arrest or failure after fertilization. (correct)
- The developing embryo experiences premature differentiation of germ layers due to cytoplasmic imbalance.
- The embryo develops with an increased number of mitochondria, leading to accelerated metabolic processes.
- The embryo bypasses gastrulation, leading to the formation of a simplified organism without complex organ systems.
Considering the life cycle strategies of plants, what evolutionary advantage is conferred by a dominant diploid sporophyte stage, particularly in terrestrial environments?
Considering the life cycle strategies of plants, what evolutionary advantage is conferred by a dominant diploid sporophyte stage, particularly in terrestrial environments?
- Increased resilience to environmental stressors such as UV radiation and desiccation through diploidy. (correct)
- Improved dispersal mechanisms via haploid spores, facilitating colonization of new habitats.
- Enhanced genetic diversity due to increased mitotic divisions in the sporophyte.
- Accelerated growth rates attributed to the metabolic efficiency of haploid cells.
Within the context of angiosperm fertilization, if a mutation occurred that prevented the formation of the pollen tube, what specific process would be directly impeded, and what would be its immediate consequence?
Within the context of angiosperm fertilization, if a mutation occurred that prevented the formation of the pollen tube, what specific process would be directly impeded, and what would be its immediate consequence?
- Microsporogenesis; pollen grain development would be halted.
- Syngamy; the sperm cell would be unable to reach the egg for fertilization. (correct)
- Karyogamy; the polar nuclei would not fuse to form the endosperm.
- Megasporogenesis; the embryo sac would not develop.
Suppose a novel chemical inhibitor selectively targets and disrupts the function of the Golgi apparatus in developing spermatids, what specific cellular event would be most directly compromised?
Suppose a novel chemical inhibitor selectively targets and disrupts the function of the Golgi apparatus in developing spermatids, what specific cellular event would be most directly compromised?
In a scenario where a plant species exhibits a mutation preventing the completion of cytokinesis during megasporogenesis, but nuclear division proceeds normally, what ploidy level would characterize the resulting megaspore?
In a scenario where a plant species exhibits a mutation preventing the completion of cytokinesis during megasporogenesis, but nuclear division proceeds normally, what ploidy level would characterize the resulting megaspore?
Given the significance of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm in animal embryogenesis, what long-term developmental consequences would arise from the selective ablation of mesodermal cells during gastrulation?
Given the significance of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm in animal embryogenesis, what long-term developmental consequences would arise from the selective ablation of mesodermal cells during gastrulation?
Considering the haplodiplontic life cycle observed in mosses, if a chemical agent were applied that specifically inhibited meiosis within the capsule of the sporophyte, what immediate effect would this have on the moss's reproductive cycle?
Considering the haplodiplontic life cycle observed in mosses, if a chemical agent were applied that specifically inhibited meiosis within the capsule of the sporophyte, what immediate effect would this have on the moss's reproductive cycle?
In the context of seed germination, if a plant species evolved a mechanism to bypass imbibition, what alternative physiological process or structure would need to compensate for the function of breaking seed dormancy and mobilizing stored nutrients?
In the context of seed germination, if a plant species evolved a mechanism to bypass imbibition, what alternative physiological process or structure would need to compensate for the function of breaking seed dormancy and mobilizing stored nutrients?
If a novel pharmaceutical agent were introduced that selectively blocked the function of the acrosome in mammalian sperm, at what stage of fertilization would the process be arrested, and what would be the immediate observable consequence?
If a novel pharmaceutical agent were introduced that selectively blocked the function of the acrosome in mammalian sperm, at what stage of fertilization would the process be arrested, and what would be the immediate observable consequence?
Considering the phenomenon of double fertilization in angiosperms, if a specific genetic mutation prevented the fusion of the second sperm cell with the polar nuclei, what immediate consequences would be observed in the developing seed?
Considering the phenomenon of double fertilization in angiosperms, if a specific genetic mutation prevented the fusion of the second sperm cell with the polar nuclei, what immediate consequences would be observed in the developing seed?
In a scenario where a teratogenic agent specifically disrupts the function of Hox genes during animal embryogenesis, what category of developmental defects would be most likely to arise?
In a scenario where a teratogenic agent specifically disrupts the function of Hox genes during animal embryogenesis, what category of developmental defects would be most likely to arise?
Assuming a researcher discovers a plant species that consistently self-fertilizes due to a unique morphological adaptation preventing cross-pollination, what evolutionary trade-offs would be most likely observed in this species over several generations?
Assuming a researcher discovers a plant species that consistently self-fertilizes due to a unique morphological adaptation preventing cross-pollination, what evolutionary trade-offs would be most likely observed in this species over several generations?
Suppose a plant species exhibits a novel form of seed dormancy that is not broken by imbibition, scarification, or stratification. What alternative environmental cue or physiological mechanism might be necessary to trigger germination in this species?
Suppose a plant species exhibits a novel form of seed dormancy that is not broken by imbibition, scarification, or stratification. What alternative environmental cue or physiological mechanism might be necessary to trigger germination in this species?
If a researcher were studying a newly discovered marine invertebrate that exhibited radial cleavage, mosaic development, and lacked a true blastopore during gastrulation, how would this organism’s developmental strategy challenge conventional classifications of animal embryonic development?
If a researcher were studying a newly discovered marine invertebrate that exhibited radial cleavage, mosaic development, and lacked a true blastopore during gastrulation, how would this organism’s developmental strategy challenge conventional classifications of animal embryonic development?
Within the context of plant development, if a species exhibited epigenetic modifications that permanently silenced genes responsible for the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase, what long-term evolutionary consequences would be most likely?
Within the context of plant development, if a species exhibited epigenetic modifications that permanently silenced genes responsible for the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase, what long-term evolutionary consequences would be most likely?
Flashcards
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis
The process of biological formation of gametes through cellular division and differentiation.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
The formation and development of sperm cells.
Oogenesis
Oogenesis
The process of egg cell or ovum formation.
Spermatogonium
Spermatogonium
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Fertilization
Fertilization
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Cleavage
Cleavage
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Gastrulation
Gastrulation
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Organogenesis
Organogenesis
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Diploid Sporophyte
Diploid Sporophyte
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Haploid Gametophyte
Haploid Gametophyte
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Gametes
Gametes
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Pollination
Pollination
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Embryo Development
Embryo Development
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Epigeal Germination
Epigeal Germination
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Hypogeal Germination
Hypogeal Germination
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Study Notes
- General Biology 2, Grade 11 (STEM) Learning Activity Sheets, Quarter 4, Week 1B focuses on Animal and Plant Development
Copyright
- Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that there is no copyright for any work of the Government of the Philippines
- Prior approval is required for the exploitation of government work for profit, and the agency may impose royalties
Key Concepts
- Growth is a stage of development characterized by an increase in size of an individual
- Development involves the formation of sex cells, zygote formation, and subsequent stages in one's life span, terminated by death
Stages of Animal Development
- Gametogenesis is the biological formation of gametes through cellular division, differentiation, and genetic material reduction
- Spermatogenesis: The precursor cell spermatogonium divides and differentiates into two primary spermatocytes via mitosis then the spermatocyte undergoes first meiotic division giving rise to two secondary spermatocytes and then each spermatocyte gives rise to four spermatids that mature into sperm
- Oogenesis: Daughter cells from meiotic divisions don't receive equal cytoplasm, concentrating it in one daughter cell, the ovum, that then is able to provide nourishment for the developing embryo after fertilization
- Fertilization: Two gametes fuse together, initiating development, and in animals, the zygote (fertilized egg) forms when a sperm successfully fuses with an ovum, allowing embryo development
- Cleavage: Fertilization starts embryotic development allowing cleavage to take place, which involves rapid mitotic divisions of the developing embryo leading to a multicellular ball mass and in mammals, this happens as the embryo moves towards the uterus
- Once past 100 cells, the embryo becomes a blastocyst with a distinct inner cell mass that becomes the fetus
- Gastrulation: Formation of three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, each forming specific tissues and organs
- Organogenesis: Embryonic phase from the end of gastrulation until birth where the three germ layers form the internal organs
Three Germ Layers formed from Gastrulation
- Ectoderm (outer layer) forms the nervous system (brain and spinal cord), epidermis, and sense organs
- Mesoderm (middle layer) forms muscles, bones, cartilage, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive organs
- Endoderm (inner layer) forms digestive and respiratory organs, endocrine glands, germ cells, and gametes
Plant Development
- Mature, multicellular organism is a diploid sporophyte which later undergoes meiosis to produce haploid gametes that fuse and form the zygote which develops via mitosis in order to become the multicellular diploid sporophyte
- In some plants, the dominant life cycle is a multicellular, haploid gametophyte where mitosis releases individual cells that act like gametes
Types of Plant Life Cycles
- Haplontic life cycle: Dominant stage is a multicellular haploid stage which produces gametes which eventually fuse to form unicellular zygotes that undergo meiosis to become haploid, after which they undergo mitosis to become the multicellular organism.
- Haplodiplontic life cycle: A moss has a multicellular haploid (gametophyte) stage that produces gametes where these gametes fuse to produce a zygote that undergoes mitosis to produce a multicellular sporophyte
- Diplontic life cycle: Type of life cycle found in flowering plants where organism is in the diploid stage except for mature, haploid sex cells called gametes.
Development in Flowering Plants
- Gametophyte: Development through gametogenesis
- Male gametophyte: The microsporangium in the anther contains microsporocytes in which each will undergo meiosis to produce four haploid microspores and each microspore develops into a pollen grain (containing two sperm nuclei and one tube nucleus)
- Female gametophyte: The megasporangium in the ovule contains megasporocytes while one megasporocyte will undergo meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores where three degenerate and the remaining divides mitotically three times, in order to construct an embryo sac with eight haploid nuclei membranes and then partition to make the embryo sac multicellular.
- Pollination: Transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma that may be animal or wind-aided
- Double fertilization: A pollen grain contains a tube cell and generative cell where the generative cell divides to produce two sperm cells while the tube cell becomes pollen tube
- Then the Pollen tube elongates along the style and penetrates the ovule in the ovary via the micropyle (an opening), pollen tube discharges the sperm cells into the embryo sac
- After this one sperm unites with the egg to form the zygote while the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei in order to become the endosperm, which serves as food of the early embryo.
- Embryo development (embryogenesis): Zygote undergoes mitosis to produce the proembryo and suspensor.
- Maturation of ovary and ovule: The Ovary matures into fruit while the ovule becomes the seed, which can then become dormant.
Seed Germination
- The Transformation of seed to seedling where the seed undergoes imbibition to break dormancy and nutrients are stored in endosperm or cotyledons
- Epigeal germination: Cotyledon emerges above ground, exposing the hypocotyl of the plumule
- Hypogeal germination: Cotyledon remains below ground, concealing the hypocotyl
- Seedling growth to mature plant: Primary meristems differentiate to become the different plant tissues
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