Animal and plant cells

• Animal and plant cells contain specialized tissues that perform specific functions.

Specialized Tissues in Animals

• Animal tissues are categorized into four primary types, each with distinct functions.
• Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.
• Simple epithelium is single-layered and facilitates absorption and secretion.
• Stratified epithelium is multi-layered and provides protection.
• Connective tissue supports, connects, and anchors other tissues and organs.
• Bone offers structural support to the body.
• Cartilage is flexible and cushions joints.
• Blood transports nutrients, gases, and wastes.
• Adipose tissue stores energy and insulates the body.
• Muscle tissue facilitates movement through contraction.
• Skeletal muscle is voluntary and moves bones.
• Cardiac muscle is involuntary and found in the heart.
• Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in the walls of internal organs.
• Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals for communication and coordination.
• Neurons transmit impulses.
• Glial cells support and protect neurons.

Specialized Tissues in Plants

• Plants possess three primary types of specialized tissues: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.
• Dermal tissue protects the plant, reduces water loss, and facilitates gas exchange.
• The epidermis is the outermost layer with a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss.
• Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange.
• Vascular tissue transports water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant.
• Xylem conducts water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.
• Phloem transports sugars and other organic compounds.
• Ground tissue provides support, stores nutrients, and performs photosynthesis.
• Parenchyma is involved in storage, photosynthesis, and tissue repair.
• Collenchyma provides flexible support to the plant.
• Sclerenchyma offers rigid structural support.