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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of sieve tubes in the plant stem?
Which of the following correctly describes companion cells?
What type of cell walls do sieve tubes have?
What surrounds the vascular bundles in a plant stem?
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What characteristic do sieve tubes and companion cells share?
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What is one of the primary functions of white blood cells?
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What term refers to the process by which granulocytes destroy foreign particles?
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Which type of immunity is acquired through contact with foreign antigens?
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What are the small fragments of cells involved in blood clotting called?
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Where are most white blood cells produced?
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What happens to the iron from hemoglobin after red blood cells are broken down?
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Which group of white blood cells is primarily responsible for forming antibodies?
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What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell?
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What defines a tissue in biological terms?
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Which type of tissue is responsible for transporting water in plants?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of animal tissue?
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What is the primary function of skeletal tissues?
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Which statement about the development of cells is true?
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Which tissue type is involved in covering and lining the body's structures?
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How do organs relate to tissues in biological structures?
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Which type of muscle tissue is classified as involuntary?
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What is the main characteristic of stratified epithelium?
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What role does the Eustachian tube play in the body?
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Which type of connective tissue holds organs in place and connects skin to underlying structures?
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What are the thick and less elastic fibers found in areolar connective tissue called?
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Which type of connective tissue is primarily made up of branched elastin fibers?
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What is the primary function of macrophages in connective tissue?
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What type of connective tissue joins muscle to bone?
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Which tissue primarily consists of fat cells?
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What is the main feature of acquired active immunity?
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Which type of plant tissue is primarily responsible for actively dividing cells?
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Which type of tissue is known for providing support and has extra thickening at the corners of the cells?
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What characteristic distinguishes sclerenchyma from collenchyma?
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What is the role of parenchyma tissue in plants?
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How does acquired passive immunity differ from active immunity?
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What is a distinguishing feature of chlorenchyma tissue?
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What happens to the body when it encounters an active antigen after receiving a vaccine?
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What role does lignin play in sclerenchyma cells?
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What is the primary function of epidermal tissue?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding tracheids?
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How does the cuticle benefit plants in dry environments?
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What is the main transporting function of xylem tissue?
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What feature distinguishes vessels in xylem tissue from tracheids?
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Which type of tissue is responsible for transporting dissolved organic food within a plant?
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What do guard cells regulate in epidermal tissue?
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Study Notes
Tissues and Healing
- Tissues are groups of similar cells performing a specific function
- Multicellular organisms have cells that specialize, called differentiation
- Cells differentiate to form tissues
Plant Tissues
- Epidermal Tissue: Forms the outer covering of roots, stems, and leaves
- Xylem Tissue: Transports water up the plant
- Phloem Tissue: Transports food made in leaves to other parts of the plant
- Photosynthetic Tissue: Made of cells with thin walls and many chloroplasts
- Supporting Tissue: Cell walls have thickened for support
- Storage Tissue: Made up of cells with thin walls and many chloroplasts
Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissues: Line the inside and outside of body structures
- Connective Tissues: Include ligaments, tendons, fat tissue, and blood
- Skeletal Tissues: Include bone tissue and cartilage
- Nerve Tissue: Makes up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord
- Muscle Tissue: Striated, smooth, and cardiac muscle
Other Levels of Organization
- Tissues combine to form organs
- Organs work together in organ systems (e.g., digestive, circulatory)
Epithelial Tissues
- Epithelia are covering/lining tissues
- Two types: Simple (single layer) and Compound (multiple layers)
- Cells rest on a basement membrane (collagen fibres in a jelly-like substance) holding cells together
- Endothelium refers to inner lining of tubes
Squamous Epithelium
- Flattened, thin cells
- Found where substances need to exchange (e.g., blood capillaries, alveoli in lungs)
- Thin cells reduce diffusion distance
Cuboidal Epithelium
- Cubical (same width and length) in shape; spherical/round nucleus
- May be glandular (e.g., sweat, thyroid, liver) or part of other organs like kidney tubules for absorption
- Microvilli increase surface area for absorption
Columnar Epithelium
- Column-shaped cells (longer than wide)
- Large, oval-shaped nuclei
- Found in the digestive tract (for absorption); goblet cells produce mucus for protection
Ciliated Epithelium
- Columnar cells with hair-like cilia (moves fluids); found in lungs, oviducts, and Eustachian tubes
- Mucus traps foreign particles moved by cilia
Stratified Epithelium
- Multiple cell layers
- Found in areas with high friction (skin).
- Exposed cells become flattened, scale-like (cornified), to act as protective covering
Connective Tissues
- Supportive tissues
- Areolar connective tissue (binds structures, matrix is jelly-like with collagen and elastic fibres)
- Fibroblasts: produce fibres; Macrophages: engulf pathogens; Mast cells: release histamine
- Three variations: white fibrous tissue (tendons), yellow elastic tissue (ligaments), adipose tissue (fat)
- Tendons join muscle to bone; ligaments join bone to bone
Skeletal Tissues
- Cartilage (hard, flexible tissue):
- Hyaline: found on joints, nose, windpipe;
- Yellow Elastic: found in ear, epiglottis;
- White Fibrous: found in vertebrae discs
- Bone: hard, non-flexible tissue (matrix of calcium salts, phosphorus and magnesium), osteoblasts make the matrix
Bone Tissue
- Bone matrix is hard, consists of inorganic salts and collagen
- Osteoblasts are bone cells, live in lacunae (compartments)
- Haversian Canal is the central canal with blood vessels for nutrients and wastes exchange
- Canaliculi connect lacuna to Haversian Canal for transport
- Haversian System is a unit of bone tissue
Muscle Tissue
- Striated (skeletal): for voluntary movement, fast contractions, but fatigues quickly
- Smooth: for involuntary actions (gut, blood vessels), slow contractions, less fatigue
- Cardiac: for involuntary action (heart), rhythmic, continuous, does not fatigue
Nerve Tissue
- Nerve cells (neurons) transmit electrical signals
- Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
Blood Tissue
- Transports substances (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, hormones)
- Blood plasma: fluid matrix with dissolved substances (water, proteins, salts, glucose, wastes)
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes): transport oxygen; biconcave discs, haemoglobin for oxygen transport
- White blood cells (leucocytes): fight infections (phagocytic); granulocytes and agranulocytes
- Platelets (thrombocytes): involved in blood clotting
Immunity
- Natural immunity: body recognizes foreign antigens, and produces antibodies to eliminate them
- Natural passive immunity: antibodies passed from mother to child (e.g., in breast milk)
- Acquired immunity: antigens injected to help body develop antibodies against a disease
Plant Tissues
- Meristematic tissue: actively dividing cells; found in growth regions
- Parenchyma tissue: packing tissue; storage; photosynthesis (chlorenchyma)
- Collenchyma tissue: supports stems & leaves; extra thickening in cell corners
- Sclerenchyma tissue: supports plants (e.g., nutshells); thick lignified cells;
Vascular Tissues
- Xylem tissue: transports water and minerals
- Phloem tissue: transports organic food (sugars)
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Description
Explore the various types of tissues in both plants and animals with this quiz. Understand the specialized functions and structures of different tissues, and learn about their roles in healing and regeneration. Test your knowledge on epidermal, xylem, phloem, and various animal tissues.
