Biology: Tissues and Healing
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of sieve tubes in the plant stem?

  • Providing structural support
  • Transporting water and mineral nutrients
  • Transporting dissolved organic food (correct)
  • Storing nutrients for the plant

Which of the following correctly describes companion cells?

  • They are part of the xylem and help in water transport.
  • They are smaller cells that support the sieve tubes and have large nuclei. (correct)
  • They are larger than sieve tube cells and lack nuclei.
  • They are dead cells that provide structural integrity.

What type of cell walls do sieve tubes have?

  • Cellulose and thin (correct)
  • Proteinaceous and rigid
  • Lignified and thick
  • Pectin-rich and flexible

What surrounds the vascular bundles in a plant stem?

<p>Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do sieve tubes and companion cells share?

<p>Both are involved in transporting nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of white blood cells?

<p>Fight infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the process by which granulocytes destroy foreign particles?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is acquired through contact with foreign antigens?

<p>Natural active immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the small fragments of cells involved in blood clotting called?

<p>Platelets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are most white blood cells produced?

<p>Bone marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the iron from hemoglobin after red blood cells are broken down?

<p>It is used to produce new hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of white blood cells is primarily responsible for forming antibodies?

<p>Lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell?

<p>120 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a tissue in biological terms?

<p>A group of similar cells performing a specific function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for transporting water in plants?

<p>Xylem tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of animal tissue?

<p>Phloem tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of skeletal tissues?

<p>Providing structural support and protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the development of cells is true?

<p>Cells differentiate to perform specific functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type is involved in covering and lining the body's structures?

<p>Epithelial tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do organs relate to tissues in biological structures?

<p>Organs consist of multiple types of tissues working together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is classified as involuntary?

<p>Both B and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of stratified epithelium?

<p>It is made up of many layers of cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Eustachian tube play in the body?

<p>It connects the throat to the middle ear. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue holds organs in place and connects skin to underlying structures?

<p>Areolar connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the thick and less elastic fibers found in areolar connective tissue called?

<p>Collagen fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily made up of branched elastin fibers?

<p>Yellow elastic tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in connective tissue?

<p>To engulf bacteria and foreign particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue joins muscle to bone?

<p>White fibrous tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue primarily consists of fat cells?

<p>Adipose tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of acquired active immunity?

<p>The body produces antibodies in response to a harmless form of an antigen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant tissue is primarily responsible for actively dividing cells?

<p>Meristematic tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is known for providing support and has extra thickening at the corners of the cells?

<p>Collenchyma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes sclerenchyma from collenchyma?

<p>Sclerenchyma cells are thick-walled and dead at maturity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of parenchyma tissue in plants?

<p>Filling spaces between other tissues and storage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does acquired passive immunity differ from active immunity?

<p>Passive immunity involves direct antibody injection from another organism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of chlorenchyma tissue?

<p>It is specialized for photosynthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the body when it encounters an active antigen after receiving a vaccine?

<p>The body immediately destroys the antigen without symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does lignin play in sclerenchyma cells?

<p>It provides extra strength to the cell walls. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of epidermal tissue?

<p>To protect the plant from excessive water loss. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding tracheids?

<p>They facilitate water flow through perforations and pits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cuticle benefit plants in dry environments?

<p>By limiting the loss of water through evaporation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main transporting function of xylem tissue?

<p>Transporting water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes vessels in xylem tissue from tracheids?

<p>Vessels have broken down end-walls forming continuous tubes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for transporting dissolved organic food within a plant?

<p>Phloem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do guard cells regulate in epidermal tissue?

<p>The opening and closing of stomatal pores. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plant Tissue

A group of similar plant cells working together to perform a specific function.

Epithelial Tissue

Animal tissue that covers internal and external body surfaces.

Connective Tissue

Animal tissues that provide support, connection, or structure.

Xylem Tissue

Plant tissue that transports water and minerals in plants.

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Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

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Organ

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function.

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Photosynthetic Tissue

Plant tissue containing chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

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Muscle Tissue

Animal tissue responsible for movement.

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Stratified Epithelium

A type of tissue with multiple cell layers, found in areas needing protection, like skin.

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Areolar Connective Tissue

A connective tissue with a jelly-like matrix, binding skin and organs, supporting blood vessels and nerves.

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White Fibrous Tissue (Tendon)

Connects muscles to bones, strong and tough due to high collagen content.

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Yellow Elastic Tissue (Ligament)

Connects bones to bones at joints, allowing flexibility and movement.

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Adipose Tissue (Fat)

A connective tissue primarily composed of fat cells, providing insulation and energy storage.

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Collagen Fibers

Strong, flexible protein fibers in connective tissues, providing strength.

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Elastin Fibers

Elastic protein fibers in connective tissues, allowing stretching and recoil.

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Fibroblasts

Cells that produce collagen fibers in connective tissues.

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Red Blood Cells function

Carry oxygen around the body

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White blood cell types

Granulocytes and agranulocytes, fighting infection.

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Phagocytosis

White blood cells engulfing foreign particles.

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Blood Platelets role

Essential for blood clotting.

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Immune Reaction

Body's response to foreign antigens.

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Natural Immunity

Body's defense when encountering an antigen

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Natural Active Immunity

Antibodies produced by the immune system; long-lasting.

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Haemoglobin's role

Protein in red blood cells carrying oxygen

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Acquired Active Immunity

Immunity developed after exposure to a safe antigen, allowing the body to produce antibodies against the harmful form of the same antigen.

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Acquired Passive Immunity

Short-term immunity gained by receiving pre-made antibodies from another source.

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Meristematic Tissue

Actively dividing plant tissue responsible for growth at tips of roots/stems.

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Parenchyma Tissue

Plant tissue for storage, support, and photosynthesis; packing cells.

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Chlorenchyma

Parenchyma tissue specializing in photosynthesis; located in leaves.

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Collenchyma Tissue

Plant support tissue; cells thickened at corners.

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Sclerenchyma Tissue

Plant support tissue with thick, rigid cell walls.

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Plant Cell Walls

Rigid structures that provide support and shape to plant cells.

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Lignified Cell Walls

Plant cell walls thickened and treated with lignin, making them impermeable and strong.

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Sclerenchyma Cells

Plant cells forming strong, supporting rods or fibers, like in nutshells.

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Epidermal Tissue (Plant)

Outer protective layer of leaves and stems, often with a waxy cuticle.

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Stomata in Plants

Tiny pores on leaves (and sometimes stems) for gas exchange.

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Xylem's function

Transport water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves in plants.

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Tracheids (Xylem)

Long, overlapping, hollow cells with perforated walls, allowing water movement.

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Vessels (Xylem)

Continuous tubes with broken end walls for efficient water transport.

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Phloem Tissue

Transporting food (sugars) from leaves to other plant parts.

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Sieve Tubes

Long, joined plant cells carrying organic food through perforated cross-walls called sieve plates.

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Companion Cells

Small cells next to sieve tubes, providing energy for their function.

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Vascular Bundle

A collection of xylem and phloem tissues in plants, usually surrounded by supporting cells, arranged in a bundle.

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Xylem

Plant tissue for transporting water and minerals.

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Phloem

Plant tissue for transporting dissolved organic food.

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Study Notes

Tissues and Healing

  • Tissues are groups of similar cells performing a specific function
  • Multicellular organisms have cells that specialize, called differentiation
  • Cells differentiate to form tissues

Plant Tissues

  • Epidermal Tissue: Forms the outer covering of roots, stems, and leaves
  • Xylem Tissue: Transports water up the plant
  • Phloem Tissue: Transports food made in leaves to other parts of the plant
  • Photosynthetic Tissue: Made of cells with thin walls and many chloroplasts
  • Supporting Tissue: Cell walls have thickened for support
  • Storage Tissue: Made up of cells with thin walls and many chloroplasts

Animal Tissues

  • Epithelial Tissues: Line the inside and outside of body structures
  • Connective Tissues: Include ligaments, tendons, fat tissue, and blood
  • Skeletal Tissues: Include bone tissue and cartilage
  • Nerve Tissue: Makes up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord
  • Muscle Tissue: Striated, smooth, and cardiac muscle

Other Levels of Organization

  • Tissues combine to form organs
  • Organs work together in organ systems (e.g., digestive, circulatory)

Epithelial Tissues

  • Epithelia are covering/lining tissues
  • Two types: Simple (single layer) and Compound (multiple layers)
  • Cells rest on a basement membrane (collagen fibres in a jelly-like substance) holding cells together
  • Endothelium refers to inner lining of tubes

Squamous Epithelium

  • Flattened, thin cells
  • Found where substances need to exchange (e.g., blood capillaries, alveoli in lungs)
  • Thin cells reduce diffusion distance

Cuboidal Epithelium

  • Cubical (same width and length) in shape; spherical/round nucleus
  • May be glandular (e.g., sweat, thyroid, liver) or part of other organs like kidney tubules for absorption
  • Microvilli increase surface area for absorption

Columnar Epithelium

  • Column-shaped cells (longer than wide)
  • Large, oval-shaped nuclei
  • Found in the digestive tract (for absorption); goblet cells produce mucus for protection

Ciliated Epithelium

  • Columnar cells with hair-like cilia (moves fluids); found in lungs, oviducts, and Eustachian tubes
  • Mucus traps foreign particles moved by cilia

Stratified Epithelium

  • Multiple cell layers
  • Found in areas with high friction (skin).
  • Exposed cells become flattened, scale-like (cornified), to act as protective covering

Connective Tissues

  • Supportive tissues
  • Areolar connective tissue (binds structures, matrix is jelly-like with collagen and elastic fibres)
  • Fibroblasts: produce fibres; Macrophages: engulf pathogens; Mast cells: release histamine
  • Three variations: white fibrous tissue (tendons), yellow elastic tissue (ligaments), adipose tissue (fat)
  • Tendons join muscle to bone; ligaments join bone to bone

Skeletal Tissues

  • Cartilage (hard, flexible tissue):
  • Hyaline: found on joints, nose, windpipe;
  • Yellow Elastic: found in ear, epiglottis;
  • White Fibrous: found in vertebrae discs
  • Bone: hard, non-flexible tissue (matrix of calcium salts, phosphorus and magnesium), osteoblasts make the matrix

Bone Tissue

  • Bone matrix is hard, consists of inorganic salts and collagen
  • Osteoblasts are bone cells, live in lacunae (compartments)
  • Haversian Canal is the central canal with blood vessels for nutrients and wastes exchange
  • Canaliculi connect lacuna to Haversian Canal for transport
  • Haversian System is a unit of bone tissue

Muscle Tissue

  • Striated (skeletal): for voluntary movement, fast contractions, but fatigues quickly
  • Smooth: for involuntary actions (gut, blood vessels), slow contractions, less fatigue
  • Cardiac: for involuntary action (heart), rhythmic, continuous, does not fatigue

Nerve Tissue

  • Nerve cells (neurons) transmit electrical signals
  • Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves

Blood Tissue

  • Transports substances (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, hormones)
  • Blood plasma: fluid matrix with dissolved substances (water, proteins, salts, glucose, wastes)
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes): transport oxygen; biconcave discs, haemoglobin for oxygen transport
  • White blood cells (leucocytes): fight infections (phagocytic); granulocytes and agranulocytes
  • Platelets (thrombocytes): involved in blood clotting

Immunity

  • Natural immunity: body recognizes foreign antigens, and produces antibodies to eliminate them
  • Natural passive immunity: antibodies passed from mother to child (e.g., in breast milk)
  • Acquired immunity: antigens injected to help body develop antibodies against a disease

Plant Tissues

  • Meristematic tissue: actively dividing cells; found in growth regions
  • Parenchyma tissue: packing tissue; storage; photosynthesis (chlorenchyma)
  • Collenchyma tissue: supports stems & leaves; extra thickening in cell corners
  • Sclerenchyma tissue: supports plants (e.g., nutshells); thick lignified cells;

Vascular Tissues

  • Xylem tissue: transports water and minerals
  • Phloem tissue: transports organic food (sugars)

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Tissues and Healing Notes PDF

Description

Explore the various types of tissues in both plants and animals with this quiz. Understand the specialized functions and structures of different tissues, and learn about their roles in healing and regeneration. Test your knowledge on epidermal, xylem, phloem, and various animal tissues.

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