Animal Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

The bird's ______ is part of its excretory system.

cloaca

The ______ is responsible for producing bile which helps in digestion.

liver

Bile produced in the liver travels through the ______ to reach the intestine.

bile duct

The ______ produces enzymes that aid in digestion and regulate blood sugar levels.

<p>pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

In avian species, the excretory and reproductive systems both share the ______.

<p>cloaca</p> Signup and view all the answers

The digestive system functions for reception and digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and for expulsion of unabsorbed portions or wastes, often involving the use of ______.

<p>lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ forms the roof of the mouth and separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.

<p>palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a muscular organ in the mouth that helps in tasting, swallowing, and manipulating food.

<p>tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animals possess different types of ______ based on their diet, such as incisors, canines, and molars.

<p>teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arrangement of teeth in an animal's mouth is referred to as ______.

<p>dentition</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ are important for producing saliva, which aids in the digestion of food.

<p>salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

The digestive system's ability to process food is influenced by various anatomical features, including the shape and structure of the ______.

<p>digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

Different animals exhibit various feeding behaviors, which is clearly reflected in the modifications of their ______.

<p>digestive tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

The largest compartment in adult ruminants is the ______.

<p>rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The smallest compartment in large ruminants is the ______.

<p>reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is sometimes called the butcher's bible because of its page-like appearance.

<p>omasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The true stomach in ruminants, similar to that of non-ruminants, is called the ______.

<p>abomasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rumen, reticulum, and omasum are dilatations in the wall of the abdominal ______.

<p>esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reticular groove serves as a shortcut for liquid substances from the esophagus to the ______.

<p>omasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hormone ______, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), stimulates the reticular groove during suckling.

<p>vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Traumatic gastritis, also known as ______ disease, is associated with the reticulum.

<p>hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pyriform recess is a continuation of the floor of the oropharynx on either side of the ______.

<p>larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

In dogs, the bones may become lodged and close the ______ opening of the airway.

<p>laryngeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pharyngeal diverticulum is a blind pouch located in the ______ of pigs.

<p>nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pharyngeal diverticulum can be mistaken for the ______ when pilling pigs.

<p>esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ruminant stomach is considered ______ compared to the simple stomach of other domestic animals.

<p>compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is part of the digestive system that follows the pharynx.

<p>esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stomach is located in the ______ of the digestive tract.

<p>middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ opening of the esophagus is located below the pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs.

<p>esophageal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

<p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ connects the small intestine to the large intestine.

<p>cecum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the part of the digestive system responsible for water absorption.

<p>colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The final section of the digestive tract is known as the ______.

<p>rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is an organ found in birds that serves both excretory and reproductive functions.

<p>bird's cloaca</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ plays a role in the fermentation of plant material in some species.

<p>cecum</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the small intestine, the contents pass into the ______.

<p>cecum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ helps in the formation and storage of feces before elimination.

<p>rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the lips?

The lips are the fleshy structures surrounding the mouth opening. They play a role in food intake, prehension, and vocalization.

What is the palate?

The palate forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the hard palate (bony) and the soft palate (muscular). It helps in mastication and swallowing.

What is the tongue?

The tongue is a muscular organ that helps in taste, swallowing, and vocalization. It plays a crucial role in the manipulation of food during chewing and swallowing.

What are teeth?

Teeth are hard structures embedded in the jawbone. They function in mastication (chewing) and food breakdown. Different animals have different types and arrangements of teeth based on their diet.

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What is dentition?

Dentition refers to the arrangement, types, and number of teeth an animal has. It reflects the animal's diet and feeding habits.

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What are salivary glands?

Salivary glands produce saliva, which is a fluid that aids in lubrication, digestion, and protection of the oral cavity. Saliva contains enzymes that start the breakdown of carbohydrates.

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What is the digestive system?

The digestive system is responsible for food intake, digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. It adapts to different feeding habits and diets in various animal species.

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What are the functions of the digestive system?

The digestive system is made up of different organs, each with a specific function. These organs work together to process food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. The entire system is adapted for a particular animal's diet and lifestyle.

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Pyriform Recess

A continuation of the oropharynx floor on either side of the larynx.

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Pharyngeal Diverticulum

An internal blind pouch in the nasopharynx, found specifically in pigs.

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Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, transporting food.

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Stomach

The primary digestive organ, where food is broken down mechanically and chemically.

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Compound Stomach

A type of stomach found in ruminants like cows and sheep.

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Simple Stomach

A type of stomach without multiple compartments, found in most other animals.

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Rumen

In ruminants, the first chamber of the stomach where initial digestion occurs.

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Reticulum

The second chamber of the ruminant stomach, responsible for further digestion.

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What is the small intestine?

The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive tract in many animals. It's where most nutrient absorption takes place.

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What is the cecum?

The cecum is a pouch-like structure that connects the small and large intestines. It's especially prominent in herbivores, helping them break down plant matter.

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What is the colon?

The colon is the largest part of the large intestine. It absorbs water and forms feces. Its length and structure vary depending on the animal's diet.

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What is the rectum?

The rectum is the final part of the large intestine where feces are stored before elimination.

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What is the anal canal?

The anal canal is the short passage that connects the rectum to the anus.

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What is the cloaca?

The cloaca is a common chamber in birds, reptiles, and amphibians where the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems converge.

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Rumen (paunch)

Largest compartment in adult ruminants, with papillae for increased surface area. It's where initial fermentation of food occurs.

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Reticulum (honeycomb)

Smallest and most cranial compartment, involved in hardware disease. It helps sort food particles and sends them to the omasum.

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Omasum (manyplies)

Has muscular folds that look like pages in a book. It absorbs water and minerals.

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Abomasum (true stomach)

Similar to the stomach of non-ruminants, it uses digestive juices to break down food.

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Reticular groove

A shortcut for liquids bypassing the rumen and reticulum, directly reaching the omasum. It's essential for young ruminants.

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Ruminant Stomach

A series of interconnected chambers in the stomach of ruminants, designed for efficient digestion of plant material.

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Rumination

The process by which ruminants regurgitate chewed food and re-chew it to break it down further.

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Hardware Disease

A condition, primarily affecting the reticulum, caused by ingested foreign objects like nails or wire.

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What is the cloaca in birds?

The cloaca is a common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems in birds. It is located at the posterior end of the body and is used for defecation, urination, and egg laying.

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What are the functions of the liver?

The liver is a large, reddish-brown organ responsible for various functions crucial for an animal's survival. These include:

  • Producing bile: Bile helps digest fats.
  • Filtering blood: Removes toxins from the blood.
  • Synthesizing proteins: Essential for various bodily functions.
  • Storing glucose: Regulates blood sugar levels.
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What does the bile duct do?

The bile duct carries bile from the liver to the gallbladder or directly to the small intestine. Bile is a green fluid essential for fat digestion.

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What are the main functions of the pancreas?

The pancreas is a crucial organ with both endocrine (hormone production) and exocrine functions. It produces:

  • Insulin and glucagon (endocrine): regulate blood sugar levels.
  • Digestive enzymes (exocrine): break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
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What are the parts of the pancreas?

The pancreas has three main parts:

  • Head: connected to the duodenum (first part of the small intestine)
  • Body: the central section.
  • Tail: extends towards the spleen.
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Study Notes

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Digestive System

  • The digestive system is responsible for food reception, digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste expulsion.
  • Different animals exhibit varied feeding behaviors, reflected in modifications to their digestive tracts.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Lips

  • Dog: Pendulous upper lip pressing on the lower one, creating a large vestibule, aiding in administering liquid medication.
  • Cat: Less mobile and reduced lips.
  • Cattle: Less mobile lips, blend with nose to form moist, glandular nasolabial plate.
  • Sheep: Soft and flexible, aid in picking up food; deeply grooved midline philtrum.
  • Horse: Mobile upper lip used for food collection and introduction to the mouth; sensitive lips.
  • Pig: Less mobile upper lip; blends with nose to form rostrum; os rostrale present within.
  • Bird: Absent. Beaks used for grasping and are sensitive organs.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Palate

  • Dog: Widest at the 4th cheek tooth; median raphé replaced by a ridge.
  • Ruminant: Cranial portion forms a prominent dental pad; rugae extending 2/3 of the length (the rugæ are serrated on their free borders).
  • Sheep: Rugae are not serrated; openings of naso-palatine ducts form a prominent V on either sides of the central incisive papilla
  • Horse: Divided into two equal portions by median raphe; palatine rugae extend the whole length.
  • Pig: Long and narrow palate with equal width throughout; rugae and median raphe well marked; prominent incisive papilla anteriorly.
  • Chicken: Lacks soft palate.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Tongue

  • Dog: Wide, thin, and mobile; dorsum marked by median groove; long backward-pointing papillae on the root; the inferior part of the tip has a cord of fibrous tissue- the lyssa.
  • Cattle: The posterior half of the dorsum has a prominent bulge (torus linguae).
  • Sheep: Similar to cattle but with more blunt tip; posterior prominence not very marked; less keratinized filiform papillae are found at the tip.
  • Horse: Shaped like a spatula; two distinct vallate papillae on the posterior part of the dorsum, flanking the midline.
  • Pig: Narrow and pointed, with a thin apex; long backward-pointing papillae on the root, mucous membrane is thick and highly cornified where conical papillae are found.
  • Cat: Narrow and pointed with a thin apex.
  • Chicken: Lacks musculature; has an entoglossal bone covered by thick cornified mucous membrane

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Teeth

  • Dog, Ruminant, Horse, Pig, Cats: Each species have different tooth formulations depending on the type and number of incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Salivary Glands

  • Major salivary glands include parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands, located away from the oral cavity, draining through ducts.
  • Minor (small) salivary glands are found within the oral mucosa.
  • Different animal species have different locations of salivary glands.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Pharynx

  • Common passageway for air and food, divided into nasopharynx (respiratory), oropharynx (digestive), and laryngopharynx (both respiratory and digestive channels).
  • Includes structures like pyriform recesses and pharyngeal diverticulum.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Esophagus

  • Dog, Ruminant, Horse, Pig, Cats, Bird: Structure and function of the esophagus is species-dependent.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Stomach

  • Dog, Cat, and Ruminants (Cow, Sheep etc.): Glandular structure present, as compared to Pig etc with more Non-glandular stomach.
  • Ruminant stomach is a complex structure with four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum,
  • Ruminants have a reticular groove that serves as a shortcut for liquid substances to shorten the transit paths and aid digestion.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Small Intestine

  • Dog, Ruminants, Horse, Pig, Bird: Grossly similar; Variations in jejunum location based on the position of other abdominal organs and the presence of the mesenteries
  • Presence of special structures like sigmoid loop, duodenal ampulla, flange, ileocecal opening and ileocolic opening

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Cecum

  • Dog, Cat, Ruminant, Horse, Pig, Bird: Location, size, shape, presence of taenia and haustra are species specific.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Colon

  • Dog, Ruminants, Horse, Pig, Bird: Differences exist among each species' anatomy of the ascending, transverse and descending colons

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Rectum and Anal Canal

  • Zones of the anal canal differ among animal species; Presence of anal glands and ampulla recti

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Bird's Cloaca

  • Receives digestive, urinary, and reproductive products
  • Divided into three segments:
    • Coprodeum
    • Urodeum
    • Proctodeum

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Liver

  • Dog, Ruminants, Horse, Pig, Bird: Species differences in lobation, presence/absence of gall bladder and structures like renal impression, ligaments.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Bile Duct

  • The bile, produced by hepatocytes, is discharged into bile capillaries, which unite to form interlobular and lobar ducts.
  • Species differences exist in the structure of the extrahepatic bile ducts.

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy - Pancreas

  • Dog, Cat, Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Horse, Pig, Birds: Species differences for the position, shape, and presence of accessory pancreatic ducts are seen.
  • Pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) and accessory pancreatic duct (duct of Santorini).

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