Animal Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a common skin issue observed in dogs over 5 years old?

Demodex mange

Squamous cell carcinoma (correct)

Eczema

Sebaceous cysts

Which type of mite is known to be zoonotic?

Sarcoptes (correct)

Demodex

Cheyletiella

Otodectes

Which layer of skin is formed from cells in a timeframe of approximately two weeks?

Stratum corneum

Dermis

Hypodermis

Epidermis (correct)

What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?

To help regulate body temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures in animals demonstrates evolutionary adaptations for survival?

Antlers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the external ear?

To collect sound wave vibrations and direct them to the eardrum Signup and view all the answers

What structure links the tympanic membrane to the cochlea in the inner ear?

Ossicles Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear is responsible for the sensation of rotational motion?

Semicircular canals Signup and view all the answers

How does the inner ear contribute to maintaining balance?

Through the action of otoliths on hair cells Signup and view all the answers

What does the tectorial membrane interact with during the process of hearing?

Hair cells Signup and view all the answers

What causes the hair cells in the macula to bend and generate nerve impulses?

Movement of the otoliths due to gravity Signup and view all the answers

What effect does sound vibration have on the tympanic membrane?

It causes the membrane to vibrate Signup and view all the answers

Where are the sensory receptors that convert mechanical vibrations into nerve impulses located?

Inner ear Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pericardium?

To cover and protect the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart is responsible for muscle contraction?

Myocardium Signup and view all the answers

What separates the left and right atria?

Interatrial septum Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

To generate electrical impulses for heartbeats Signup and view all the answers

Which valve allows blood to exit the right ventricle?

Pulmonary valve Signup and view all the answers

How does blood enter the left atrium?

Through pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the outermost layer of the heart?

Epicardium Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

To prevent backflow of blood into the atria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

Digestion and absorption of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory organ is responsible for producing and storing bile?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone is able to cross the cell membrane due to its hydrophobic nature?

Steroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of target cells in the endocrine system?

To have specific receptors for hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' due to its regulatory role over other endocrine glands?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine gland?

Appendix Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by excessive hormone production from the adrenal glands?

Cushing's Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

Ball and socket joint Signup and view all the answers

What component of the bone is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

Marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which correctly describes the function of skeletal muscle?

Provides locomotion and manipulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiphyseal plate in long bones?

Allows for the growth of the bone in length Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscle types is both striated and involuntary?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the eye contains the sensory receptors for vision?

Retina Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture commonly occurs when a bone is subjected to too much pressure?

Compression fracture Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the role of nociceptors?

Detect pain stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the cranial nerves?

They connect the brain to regions of the body outside the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor distinguishing flat bones from other types?

Their flat and thin structure Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle primarily operates involuntarily within internal organs?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the skeletal muscle is referred to as the functional unit?

Sarcomere Signup and view all the answers

Which structure anchors a tooth to its socket?

Gomphosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term proprioception?

The ability to sense body position and movement Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for raising blood glucose levels?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Cushing's Syndrome?

Pot-bellied appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily involved in the fight or flight response?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment option for Diabetes Mellitus?

Insulin administration Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes Hyperthyroidism in cats?

Excessive production of thyroid hormones Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels in the body?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Diabetes Mellitus?

Nervousness Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment option for Cushing's Syndrome?

Surgical removal of the adrenal gland Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Fight or flight response Signup and view all the answers

Which of these disorders is characterized by excessive production of cortisol?

Cushing's Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What membrane covers the heart's outer layer?

Pericardium Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart is responsible for initiating the heartbeat?

Sinoatrial (SA) node Signup and view all the answers

Which structure divides the left and right ventricles?

Interventricular septum Signup and view all the answers

What type of valve is the mitral valve known as?

Bicuspid valve Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

Pulmonary artery Signup and view all the answers

Which structure pauses the electrical impulse in the heart to allow for atrial contraction?

Atrioventricular (AV) node Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart muscle is responsible for cardiac muscle contraction?

Myocardium Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the first expiration in the avian respiratory system's airflow process?

Air is pushed into the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the primary site for air storage and gas exchange in birds?

Air sacs Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the tidal volume in respiration?

The volume of air inspired and expired during one breath. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the seminal vesicle in the male reproductive system?

Provides nutrients to the sperm. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of mechanical digestion?

Physical breakdown of food to increase surface area. Signup and view all the answers

What role do the intercostal muscles play in the respiratory mechanism?

They assist in volume changes in the thoracic cavity. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is commonly responsible for the movement of food through the alimentary canal?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the air sacs in the avian respiratory system?

Store air and facilitate gas exchange efficiently. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the P wave in an electrocardiogram?

Atrial contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the peripheral nervous system carries impulses away from the central nervous system?

Motor division Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the myelin sheath?

Improving electrical conduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the autonomic nervous system?

Regulates involuntary functions of smooth and cardiac muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the basic functions of the nervous system?

To enable communication between body parts Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the integrating and control center of the nervous system?

Central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nerve fibers carry impulses toward the central nervous system?

Afferent fibers Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries?

External respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the meninges?

Generating action potentials Signup and view all the answers

What component of the brain regulates functions such as swallowing and heart rate?

Medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the position of the lungs in relation to the tail?

The lungs are cranial to the tail. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

Preventing water loss and protecting against infection. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the epidermis from the dermis?

The epidermis is avascular and composed of five layers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following appendages is considered a part of the integumentary system?

Claws. Signup and view all the answers

Which description accurately represents the term 'distal' in anatomical terms?

Farther from the trunk or point of origin. Signup and view all the answers

What role do sebaceous glands play in the integumentary system?

They secrete substances for waterproofing and lubrication. Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical position describes the relationship of the paw to the body?

Distal from the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which skin condition is commonly highlighted as a concern in animal health?

Dermatitis. Signup and view all the answers

What structure behaves as a funnel to collect sound wave vibrations?

External ear Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?

Ossicles Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensory information do the hair cells in the vestibule primarily provide?

Linear motion Signup and view all the answers

Which component bends and generates a nerve impulse in the semicircular canals as the head moves?

Cupula Signup and view all the answers

In the physiological process of hearing, what structure receives vibrations after the tympanic membrane?

Oval window Signup and view all the answers

What action causes the hair cells to generate a nerve impulse in the macula of the inner ear?

Movement of otoliths Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT directly involved in sound transmission?

Saccule Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 1 Cranial-Caudal Anatomy

Cranial-caudal refers to a position relative to the head and tail.
Rostral refers to the position closer to the nose.
Caudal refers to the position closer to the tail.
Cranial refers to the position closer to the head.

Anatomical Directions

Dorsal refers to the top/back of an animal.
Ventral refers to the bottom/belly of an animal.
Proximal refers to the position closer to the point of attachment.
Distal refers to the position farther from the point of attachment.
Medial refers to the position closer to the midline of the body.
Lateral refers to the position farther away from the midline of the body.

Anatomical Directions in Horses

Poll = top of the head
Mane = hair on the neck
Withers = the point where the neck joins the back
Croup = the hind part of the body
Dock = tail end
Tail = the tail
Back = spine area
Stifle = the joint between the thigh and lower leg
Gaskin = the area between the stifle and hock
Shoulder = the upper portion of the front limb
Point of shoulder = area where the shoulder blade attaches
Chest = chest area
Hocks = the joint at the back portion of the hind limb
Fetlock = area between the hock and hoof
Hoof = the hoof
Chestnut = hoof structure
Cannon bone = the large bone in lower leg
Forearm = the section between the knee and elbow
Knee = the similar joint as the hock located on front leg
Pastern = the section of hoof between the knee and hoof
Coronet = area surrounding the hoof
Cheek = cheek area
Nostril = nostril area
Muzzle = mouth area of the face
Chin = lower chin section
Throat latch = throat area
Ear = ear area

Week 2 Integumentary System

The integumentary system includes skin and its appendages (hair, glands, and specialized structures).
Skin functions include: preventing water loss, protecting against infection, regulating temperature, and sensory perception.
Skin is divided into epidermis and dermis.

Week 2 Skin Anatomy

Epidermis → avascular surface layer (5 layers), outer layer
Dermis → vascular, nerve-rich layer, contains blood vessels and nerves.
Skin diseases = squamous cell carcinoma, dermatitis, indicate awareness of skin health in treatment.
Hoof structure is critical for weight-bearing.
Specialized glands (e.g., uropygial gland in birds) maintain functions; e.g. waterproofing.
Conditions like laminitis (hoof) significantly impact animal well-being.

Week 2 Skin Layers and Appendages

Skin layers are epidermis and dermis.
Appendages include hair, claws, and glands (sebaceous and sweat glands).
Specialized structures such as horns and hooves have distinct functions.
Diseases such as mange and skin tumors exist.
Case studies provide illustrative examples of integumentary disorders.
Epidermis is avascular, while dermis has vessels and nerves.
Skin appendages have roles in protection, temperature regulation and sensory functions.

Week 3 Skeletal System

Bone functions: support, leverage, protection, storage of minerals, blood cell formation.
Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Appendicular skeleton: pectoral and pelvic limbs, bones associated with locomotion.

Week 3 Bone Types

Flat bones (relatively flat and short)
Irregular bones (do not fit in any category).
Cancellous bone (spongy bone): a honeycomb of spicules, filled with bone marrow, and lightweight.
Compact bone (dense and strong): the outside layer of all bones, and shaft of long bones
Long bones (diaphysis): tubular shaft, thick collar of compact bone, and marrow cavity .

Week 3 Further Bone Anatomy

Epiphyses - bone ends, compact bone outside and spongy bone inside, contain red bone marrow, site of hematopoiesis
Epiphyseal plate - between epiphysis and diaphysis, growth plate for bone growth.
Avian bones = lighter, reduction in bone number & fusion of bones to form plates for increased strength/simplicity in movement

Week 3 Additional Skeletal Anatomy

Common bone features = condyle, tubercle/tuberosity, head, neck, foramen, and fossa.
Diagrams or images (from OCR) may be useful for identifying these features.

Week 4 Joints

Joints are where two bones meet.
Joint types: fibrous (immovable), cartilaginous (slightly movable), synovial (freely movable).
Examples include sutures, symphysis, and those involving the humerus and radius bones.

Week 4 Further Joint Details

Common names for joints in animals.
Connectors of bones.
Types of joints and examples.

Week 5

Muscles—Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Terminology: Muscle fibers, myo-, myso-, sarco
Skeletal muscle structure: elongated muscle cells.

Week 5 Muscular Anatomy

Skeletal muscles are categorized by functional groups: example: the muscles of facial expression.
Skeletal muscles—elongated-muscle cell containing sarcolemma, muscle fibers.
Types of muscle: skeletal (striated, voluntary), cardiac (striated, involuntary), and smooth (non-striated, involuntary).

Week 6 Special Senses

Sensory receptors specialized nerve endings that generate nerve pulses & interpreted as sensation.
Types of stimulus = mechanical (touch, hearing, balance), thermal (hot/cold), electromagnetic (vision), and chemical (smell).
Visceral sensations—miscellaneous category for sensations; e.g. hunger or thirst.
Touch: recognition of something physical touching the body; various levels of tactile sensation.
Temperature: receptors monitor temperature change, transmit info through nerve impulse to brain; hypo/hyperthermia = high/low body temp.
Pain: receptors = nociceptors; alert brain to potential harm; nociception = process of experiencing pain.
Proprioception = The sense of body position and movement. Special sense that is crucial to enable animals to stand up and move and interact with their environment.
Vision: sensory structure (3 layers = fibrous, vascular, and nervous), allowing animals to see.

Week 6 Additional Special Sense

Transduction → nerve impulses.
Transmission via spinal cord.
Modulation of impulses; interpretation by the brain – this is the pain experience.
Projection: pain perceived in the conscious part of the brain.
Special sensory function: vision.

Week 7 Cardiovascular System

The heart is covered in a fibrous sac (pericardium) → 2 membranes = fibrous sac, serous pericardium.
Divided into 2 main circuits: pulmonary and systemic.
Blood → heart in pulmonary circuit → lungs → oxygenation → heart → systemic circuit → body parts.
Different types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) convey blood throughout the circulatory system.

Week 7 Circulatory System Details

Heart position in thorax.
Heart size: base (cranial), apex (caudal).
Parts of the heart: Right atrium (RA) , Right ventricle (RV), Left atrium (LA), Left ventricle (LV)
Atrioventricular valves (AV valves): tricuspid & mitral.
Semilunar valves: pulmonary & aortic .
Conducting system → automaticity of heart function (SA and AV nodes, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers).

Week 9 Nervous System

The nervous system controls and communicates throughout the body.
Basic function—Sensory input, Integration, and Motor output.
CNS (central nervous system) is the brain and spinal cord, which receive, process, and direct information to the body.
PNS (peripheral nervous system) are nerves extending from the brain and cord; spinal nerves and cranial nerves.

Week 9 Further Nervous System Details

Sensory division = afferent, somatic sensory= impulses to skin/skeletal/joint; visceral sensory = impulses from internal organs
Motor= efferent; somatic motor = impulses to skeletal muscles, allows voluntary control; autonomic control = impulses to smooth and cardiac, involuntary control.
Neuron properties = excitability, extreme longevity, and amitotic (cannot make new ones).

Week 10 Respiratory System

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): Inspiration (in) & Expiration (out). Mechanics include movement diaphragm & intercostal muscles and changes in thoracic cavity volume.
External Respiration: Exchange of gases in lungs between alveoli and blood.
Transport of Respiratory Gases: Oxygen to tissues & carbon dioxide back to the lungs by hemoglobin in the blood & cardiovascular system.
Internal Respiration: Exchange of gases between blood and cells.

Week 11 Reproductive System

Reproductive system = producing offspring
Requires a second animal → survival
Male reproductive system (testis for sperm production): delivering sperm in the scrotum → via the epididymis → vas deferens → urethra → Accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands) → semen.

Week 11 Additional Reproductive Anatomy

Female reproductive organs (Ovaries for egg production) + process of fertilization and development.
Hormone regulation in the reproductive system, both male and female.

Week 12 Digestive System

Digestion = ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation (elimination of undigested material).
Adaptations to different diets for herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
Different stomach types: ruminant (4 chambers = rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum) & monogastric (simpler stomach structure).
Detailed anatomical structures of the digestive system (layers of the alimentary canal, oral cavity, teeth, tongue, digestive enzymes in accessory glands like pancreas, liver & gallbladder).

Week 13 Endocrine System

Endocrine system = composed of glands that produce hormones that regulate bodily processes.
Hormones = chemical messengers that influence target cells/tissues, to maintain homeostasis.
Types of hormones are amino acid-based (hydrophilic) and steroid-based (hydrophobic).
Feedback Mechanisms: negative (reduce stimulus) and positive (enhance).
Regulation mechanisms, stimulating or inhibiting hormone release - Types of hormone stimulus are humoral, neural, and hormonal.

Week 13 Additional Endocrine Details

Major endocrine glands & their functions (e.g., Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, Ovaries, and Testes, ).
Important common endocrine disorders, like Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperthyroidism, and Cushing's Syndrome.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various aspects of animal anatomy and physiology. This quiz covers skin issues, ear structures, and the functions of different glands in animals. Perfect for students and enthusiasts alike!