Anglo-Saxon Literature and Culture Quiz

The Heptarchy was significant as it comprised seven kingdoms that established a relatively peaceful political atmosphere before England unified into one country.

Christianity led to the first written literature in Anglo-Saxon culture, as monks began recording both religious texts and pagan stories.

Anglo-Saxon poetry is characterized by alliteration, the use of kennings, and often explores themes of heroism, fate, and nature.

<p>The tribal chief served as the leader and protector of the community, embodying loyalty and providing a central figure around whom the village life revolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Wyrd' signifies the Anglo-Saxon belief in fate and the inevitability of doom, suggesting that individuals are subject to greater forces beyond their control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One famous work is 'Beowulf', which explores themes of heroism, loyalty, and the struggle against fate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secular stories were disseminated by bards and scop, who traveled between villages, reciting tales by memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pope Gregory's mission led to the conversion of King Kent to Christianity, establishing Canterbury as a central seat of English bishops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anglo-Saxon literature encompassed genres such as heroic epics, elegies, charms, proverbs, and riddles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Materialism was prominent due to the harsh and often violent realities of life, where loyalty and tangible rewards from the leader were paramount.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The revival of the English language and identity occurred, partly due to intermarriages and economic changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normans ushered in a trilingual system of French, English, and Latin, introducing new poetic forms and styles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Domesday Book is recorded as the first economic record in England, reflecting the feudal system's organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metrical romances are narrative poems that typically explore themes of chivalry, love, and adventure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chaucer was influenced by French literature early in his career and later by Italian authors like Dante and Petrarch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wycliff was a scholar and priest who initiated the translation of the entire Bible into English and began the reformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early Middle English featured a mix of Old English and French influences, leading to lexical variety by the late period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breton lays are narrative poems originating from Brittany, focusing on themes of love and magic, unlike other forms that may possess didactic elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The church held authority over knowledge in early Middle English, while the late period saw the rise of universities, emphasizing science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The alliterative revival refers to a poetic movement where poets revived the use of alliteration as a central device in their verse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He ensured that English was spoken in England instead of Danish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a Christian epic poem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They led to a cultural decline and the establishment of the Danelaw.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a historical record initiated by King Alfred in 890.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a heroic epic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They served as centers for education and manuscript production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metrical romances became prominent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>French became the new official language of the court and education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caedmon was an Anglo-Saxon monk known for 'Caedmon’s Hymn'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reflects the genre of chronicles in verse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Themes include loss, longing, and the fleeting nature of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ballads are typically secular and narrate popular stories in a simple style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It symbolizes the end of Medieval culture and reflects a nostalgic revival as England transitioned towards the Renaissance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caxton's printing standardized English spelling and grammar, promoting national identity through controlled printed material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edward III's reign saw the development of the rival houses of York and Lancaster, leading to the War of the Roses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wycliff initiated the first translation of the complete Bible into English, founding the Lollards movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geoffrey Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales' is a key example of this English literary revival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tale explores women's desires for sovereignty and agency within relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The printing press helped nations define themselves against one another by standardizing language and disseminating literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There was a move from primarily religious themes to a broader exploration of human experience and societal issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The majority of anti-feminist literature originated from the clergy, emphasizing women's inferiority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Harlotrie refers to writing that offends moral standards, exemplified by tales like 'The Miller's Tale'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Literature during the Tudor dynasty was marked by stability and a flourishing of artistic achievement, trade, and exploration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renaissance signifies a rebirth of interest in ancient art and culture, shifting focus to human existence and achievements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rediscovery of works by Plato and Aristotle sparked a revival of ideas that spread throughout Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One major advancement was the shift from geocentrism to heliocentrism, defining new understandings of the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humanism promoted freedom and reason over dogmatism, emphasizing education, freewill, and individualism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Martin Luther translated the Bible, promoting a direct link between individuals and God, which led to national Christianity diverging from Rome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An English Shakespearean sonnet consists of 14 lines with a rhyme scheme of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG and is written in iambic pentameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Francis Bacon introduced a new scientific method in his work, 'Advancement of Learning,' emphasizing experimentation and empirical evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Petrarch's poetry often features themes of platonic love and the beauty of women, expressed through lyrical sonnets of 14 lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The King James Bible provided a standard translation of biblical texts, influencing English language, culture, and literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The period was marked by a continuation of Renaissance ideals by authors like Ben Johnson and a departure toward Metaphysical poetry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cavalier poets, stemming from aristocratic circles, supported the Royalist cause and reflected themes of platonic love and courtly life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medieval literature focused on afterlife ideals, while Renaissance literature emphasized understanding the human experience in the present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spenser's 'The Faerie Queene' blended epic storytelling with allegorical themes, contributing to the development of English epic poetry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Donne's Metaphysical poetry combined physical and erotic themes with deep spiritual inquiries, exploring the connection between human existence and the divine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mannerist pessimism reflected a loss of faith in human rationality, focusing on themes of decay, transience, and the impermanence of existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charles I's belief in the divine rights of kings and his absolute monarchy clashed with Parliament, leading to significant political conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Lyly was instrumental in teaching complex rhetorical techniques to courtiers, significantly influencing the use of language in literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Milton's work evolved from short poems on everyday topics to didactic prose during the Republic and culminated in the epic poem 'Paradise Lost' after the Restoration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Pilgrim's Progress' is crucial for forming the new genre of the novel, as it presents an allegorical journey characterized by unrealistic settings and plots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cavalier poets idealized Renaissance values by celebrating body and pleasure through their lyrical works.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of Puritan literature was driven by political turmoil and the Civil War, which favored didactic and religious themes in contrast to secular writing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the Restoration, the monarchy became symbolic with political power shifting to Parliament, establishing a parliamentary monarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphysical poetry, as exemplified by John Donne, focuses on rational inquiry into profound existential and spiritual questions, often presenting complex imagery and argumentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mystery plays retold significant biblical stories and were performed by guilds, revealing complexities through humor and serious themes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Francis Bacon contributed significantly to Renaissance prose through 'Advancement of Learning,' promoting the ideals of scientific inquiry and the empirical method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Civil War fostered a divide in literature, promoting Puritan themes through Republicans while simultaneously giving rise to royalist sentiments in Cavalier poetry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sonnet introduced by Wyatt and Howard features 14 lines with a specific rhyme scheme and iambic pentameter, often exploring themes of beauty and love.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Paradise Lost' explores themes of free will, redemption, and the conflict between good and evil, establishing it as England's heroic epic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medieval tropes evolved from static biblical tableaux to dynamic performances, incorporating dialogue and music as they transitioned into liturgical plays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The King James Bible is significant as it represents a complete English translation, greatly influencing language, literature, and religious practice in England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thomas More's 'Utopia' characterizes the ideal community and critiques contemporary society, promoting discussions about justice and governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It introduced a constitutional monarchy, marking a shift towards constitutional democracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The economy shifted to depend more on trade, resulting in the bourgeoisie gaining power over the aristocracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The novel emerged due to social changes, technological advancements in printing, and the rise of a middle-class readership seeking realistic and instructive stories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two wings were the Whigs, representing the middle working class, and the Tories, representing conservatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classicism began with the import of French classicist culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swift employs irony to critique British policy towards the Irish by suggesting that the impoverished Irish sell their children as food, highlighting the absurdity of indifference to suffering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classicism led to a fascination with accurate and balanced representations in art and a focus on science governed by precise laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Samuel Richardson is known for creating the epistolary novel format, particularly with 'Pamela', which emphasizes moral virtue through a series of letters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Augustan authors mainly used epic and satire, characterized by regularity and symmetry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henry Fielding's novels, like 'Shamela' and 'Tom Jones', often feature a critical portrayal of society, highlighting the flaws in human nature with humor and realism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sentimentality in 18th-century novels reflects the belief in inherent human goodness, emphasizing moral instincts and emotional experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alexander Pope was known for his translations of classical works like the Iliad and Odyssey and for his critical essays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Locke is associated with the concept of 'tabula rasa', suggesting that minds are born as blank slates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Robinson Crusoe' exemplifies the 18th-century novel's focus on detailed realism and the portrayal of an ordinary individual overcoming adversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The English novel's rise reflected a cultural shift towards valuing realistic narratives and the ordinary lives of individuals, contrasting with previous literary forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New styles included periodicals, novels, and political pamphlets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addison and Steele contributed to journalism by publishing The Tatler and The Spectator, targeting a bourgeois audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Age of Reason promoted scientific precision and a realistic portrayal of the world, which greatly influenced the realistic style of the novel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advancements in the printing industry made books more accessible, leading to increased literacy and a growing audience for novels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Horatian satire, which uses light humor, and Juvenalian satire, which is serious and dark.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It signifies an effort to standardize the English language and map its development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common themes include moral virtue, social class struggles, and the complexities of human relationships in everyday life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary social ideal was an educated, well-mannered populace living in cities as centers of progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Literature was didactic, moralistic, and often satirical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It explores the theme of mortality, showcasing how one's good deeds are the only qualities that remain after death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Censorship limited creative freedom but also ensured that major playwrights, like Shakespeare, were recognized and their works controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Globe Theatre served as a major venue for Shakespeare's plays and reflected the architectural style of Elizabethan theatres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that people are born good due to their innate moral sense, which can be awakened through learning to feel sentiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They express melancholic themes focusing on human mortality, time, and the past, often through contemplative imagery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thomas Kyd introduced the tragedy of revenge, characterized by explicit violence and bloodshed on stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Master of Revels and Royal/Aristocratic patronage were established to control the content of theatrical performances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents the idealization of rough, ordinary, and uneducated villagers, highlighting their natural goodness and harmony with nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elizabethan theatre primarily featured male actors, who also played female roles, reflecting the societal view of women as inferior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He compiled and published 'Relics of Ancient English Poetry,' which included ballads and songs from England's folklore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basis of royal authority and the relationship between political obedience and resistance, especially in religious contexts, were key issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burns wrote in dialect, focusing on Scottish customs and daily life, portraying himself as the 'chronicler of Scottish life.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Love and sexuality were often discussed within the confines of marriage, emphasizing male activity and female passivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Romanticism was influenced by ideas of the natural man as good and moral, and the belief that civilization corrupts this natural state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Revolutions emphasized equality and freedom, challenging old regimes and advocating for social progress, which Romantic writers supported.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explorations led to viewing indigenous populations as curiosities and investments, often dehumanizing them based on perceived savagery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nature is depicted as a creation of God, representing goodness and serving as a source of moral insight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the theme of seizing the day, particularly in the context of seduction and urgency in romantic pursuits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marlowe introduced extreme characters and themes of ambition and tragedy, such as in 'Dr. Faustus'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These works contrast the perspectives of innocence and experience, exploring the complexities of human nature and societal issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diderot argued that nature is not inherently evil; instead, it is bad education and influences that corrupt individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private performances in noble houses provided a controlled environment for plays, contributing to the evolving nature of public theatre.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Reformation led to the banning of religious plays, paving the way for the rise of secular drama.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their rule promoted literature that aligned with their political and religious agendas, often stifling dissenting voices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The establishment of actor companies limited competition, allowing prominent playwrights like Shakespeare to thrive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oronooko's refusal to fight due to his love for Imoinda emphasizes the struggle between personal relationships and societal obligations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robinson's survival and self-sufficiency on the deserted island symbolize the idea of personal reinvention and independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through Gulliver's adventures, Swift critiques the political landscape and the folly of party politics during his time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Richardson uses epistolary form to show the direct expression of Clarissa's thoughts versus the ornamental language of Lovelace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phrase suggests an intrinsic human optimism that persists regardless of circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It blends elements of romance and epic to critique the social hierarchies and the complexities of royal heritage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The story follows Crusoe's personal growth and maturation through his trials on the island.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Themes of independence, coercion in relationships, and societal expectations of women are central to the correspondence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gulliver's ultimate disgust with human beings highlights the novel's critique of human flaws and the absurdity of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It symbolizes the familial and societal pressures that restrict women's autonomy and choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wordsworth believed poetry was rooted in <em>spontaneous feeling</em> and the experience of nature, contrasting sharply with the scientific, rationalist views that dominated his era.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Romantic individualism celebrated <em>freedom and potential</em>, often romanticizing the uneducated as embodying a noble savage ideal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wordsworth believed poetry should be <em>reachable and relatable</em> to ordinary people, using simple language and themes from everyday life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage' explores themes of <em>isolation, individual reflection</em>, and the search for purpose against historical backdrops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coleridge's ongoing physical and mental health challenges, including potential bipolar disorder and addiction, influenced his works by infusing them with <em>mystery and emotional depth</em>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Preface of Lyrical Ballads' is significant because it <em>advocated for poetic language that is natural and accessible</em>, emphasizing common themes and everyday language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keats's 'odes' reflect a <em>deep contemplation on the relationship</em> between art and the human experience, emphasizing beauty and transience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Lake Poets, particularly Wordsworth and Coleridge, contributed by emphasizing <em>nature, individual experience</em>, and accessible language in their poetry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sublime evokes a pleasurably terrifying experience through strong negative emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The setting often includes a macabre locale with huge, complex buildings like castles or ruins, typically at night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Characters often include a passion-driven male antagonist who behaves unmorally and an innocent heroine who suffers at his hands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common elements include kidnapping, imprisonment, murder, and supernatural occurrences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Romanticism emphasizes emotion over reason and mysticism over logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gothic novels often served as an attack on corrupted aristocrats, male dominance, and the rigid societal structures of their time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Horace Walpole is an influential writer, known for 'The Castle of Otranto'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The female Gothic often critiques and subverts male dominance through its narratives and characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>19th-century Gothic novels focused on crime, horror, and the exploration of irrational and perverse impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edgar Allan Poe significantly influenced Gothic literature through his exploration of madness, death, and the macabre.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Oroonoko' is often considered one of the earliest novels in English, connecting fiction to historical narrative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Characters often embody societal flaws, such as corruption or moral decay, and highlight the consequences of these issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gothic novels often explore themes of alienation, monstrosity, and the fear of the other, whether supernatural or societal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the 20th century, the Gothic evolved into crime and horror fiction, incorporating modern societal fears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nature is often depicted as ominous and uncontrollable, heightening the sense of the Sublime and terror.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief was that it was an obligation to civilize 'less fortunate savages'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The steam engine and the Bessemer process for cheap steel production were crucial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 1901, 75% of the population lived in urban areas, up from only 20% in 1830.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It challenged traditional religious beliefs regarding creation, suggesting a natural selection over divine intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Victorian literature often serves as a mirror of society, employing realism and addressing contemporary social issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dickens criticized the exploitation of the poor and the indifference of the middle class towards social issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The middle class promoted prudishness and conservatism, dictating societal norms and family structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It displayed Britain's industrial and architectural prowess, featuring the Crystal Palace as a symbol of innovation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eliot's work is known for its deep psychological insight, emphasizing the characters' choices and moral dilemmas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their poetry often focused on beauty, nature, and emotional experience, countering industrialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They critiqued societal norms and injustices, aiming to inspire reform and raise awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Naturalism portrayed individuals as products of their environment, often lacking control over their fate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Victorian prose focused on realism and social issues, as opposed to the idealism of Romanticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It marked the rise of a new middle class, altering traditional social structures and power dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They symbolize the climax of Britain's power and wealth during the era.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicated the vast territorial expanse of the British Empire across the globe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitated faster transportation of goods and promoted infrastructural developments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The population grew from 4 million to 30 million, transitioning from an agricultural to an urban society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased criminality and poverty due to urban living conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They opposed materialism and machine-age mass production, advocating for real art.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nostalgic longing for the idealized past and moral reflection on contemporary society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By exploring themes of homosexuality and critiquing hypocrisy through his works.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It sought to promote renewed religiousness and increase the influence of Christianity in response to industrialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It introduced the theory of evolution, contradicting the religious view of creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The obligation to civilize 'less fortunate' peoples and the need for cheap resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dramatic monologue, allowing exploration of the speaker's psyche.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief in the necessity for colonial powers to civilize non-Western societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He emphasized the need for faith and moral awareness in a changing society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emergence of Kitchen sink drama and Theatre of the Absurd marked a departure from traditional Victorian themes, reflecting the realities of lower social layers and existential concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Labour Party aimed to implement welfare policies addressing the needs of the lower working classes, promoting social emancipation and support for the unprivileged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Theatre of the Absurd explored pessimistic existentialist themes, often presenting nonsensical situations that reflect the chaos and despair of the post-war condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Royal Court Theatre became a hub for non-mainstream artists, promoting challenging and subversive playwrights critical of traditional narratives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consumerism became a central theme in British society, with an emphasis on material comfort leading to increased buying power and access to modern conveniences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decolonization led to a diversification of British literature, introducing voices from former colonies and addressing themes of diaspora and assimilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Beveridge Report laid the groundwork for the Welfare State, advocating for state support in areas like unemployment, sickness, and housing for the socially unprivileged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kitchen sink drama focuses on realistic depictions of working-class life, often set in domestic spaces, showcasing the struggles and emotions of ordinary people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decline of Victorian values and the push towards modernization resulted in the gradual legalization of issues like homosexuality and abortion, reflecting societal transformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Cold War heightened the urgency for democratization in Britain, as the nation sought to position itself against totalitarian regimes and align with Western democratic values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main objective of Imagism is to recreate in the text the moment of experience through direct treatment of the subject.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Technological advancements led to a sense of disillusionment and fragmentation in Western culture, influencing writers to explore new forms and themes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>James Joyce is most associated with the stream of consciousness technique.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>W.S. Stevens believed that 'poetry is not about a moment; it is the moment.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modernist prose features plotlessness, open endings, multiple narrators, and focuses on psychological depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Great War led to a crisis of optimism, resulting in disillusionment and a rejection of 19th-century rationalism among Modernist writers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D.H. Lawrence's works often focus on the position and experience of women and unconscious impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The disintegration of western culture reflects the themes of loneliness and psychological distress faced by individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phrase is famously associated with W.C. Williams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modernist attitudes often rejected 19th-century literary traditions, seeking to innovate through experimental forms and new styles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Edwardian and Georgian Eras marked a release from Victorian rigidness, fostering new streams in art and literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T.S. Eliot's poetry, such as 'The Waste Land,' reflects themes of fragmentation, disillusionment, and a loss of coherent meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modernists often experiment with time by employing subjective perceptions and non-linear storytelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imagism innovated poetry by emphasizing vivid imagery and direct treatment of subjects, moving away from narrative storytelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virginia Woolf's narrative style often incorporates stream of consciousness, focusing on psychological depth and subjective experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Romanticism emphasizes emotion and spirituality over reason and logic, while the Enlightenment prioritizes reason and rational thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The noble savage represents uneducated people living in harmony with nature, idealizing a simpler, more authentic way of life compared to modern society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Lyrical Ballads' marked the beginning of the Romantic movement in English literature and introduced new themes and styles that focused on emotion and nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gothic novels employed elements of the sublime and explored emotional extremes, allowing readers to experience terrifying yet pleasurable feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By 1798, Wordsworth had grown more conservative, yet he continued to highlight nature's restorative powers and its connection to the poet's inner life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elinor represents reason and restraint, while Marianne embodies emotion and sentimentality, showcasing the tension between these traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The poem centers on the clash of worldviews between Muslims and Christians, illustrated through the tragic love story of the Giaour and Leila.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Frankenstein' explores themes of playing God and the consequences of disregarding ethical responsibilities toward one's creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The novel illustrates how crime and guilt affect both Victor Frankenstein and his creature, emphasizing their alienation from society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Byron's poetry often uses fragmented narratives and multiple perspectives, creating a complex and layered storytelling style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sublime describes a pleasurable yet terrifying experience that evokes awe and wonder, often found in nature and Gothic literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolation is depicted through the Giaour's alienation following his actions, showing how guilt and societal rejection lead to profound loneliness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shelley's text critiques male-dominated science as Victor Frankenstein usurps the female role of creation, leading to disastrous consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keats is known for his vivid imagery, sensual language, and deep philosophical reflections, particularly in his odes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cromwell ruled as a dictator under the title 'Lord Protector,' dismissing Parliament and enforcing strict Puritanical policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main opposing sides were the Royalists, supporting the monarchy, and the Parliamentarians, who sought more power for Parliament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The monarchy transformed into a parliamentary monarchy, where political power rested significantly with Parliament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restoration comedy focused on domestic issues of the middle and upper classes, emphasizing humor and wit through the comedy of manners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They rejected modern materialism and sought to revive the vibrant, original styles of art from before Raphael's time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It explores self-censorship, gender dynamics, and the quest for independence within a patriarchal society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dickens illustrates a darker, fog-enshrouded world, criticizing societal neglect and legal obfuscation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents the tension between the civilized self and repressed desires, exploring the complexity of human identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wilde critiqued Victorian hypocrisy and moral rigidity through wit and satire in plays like 'The Importance of Being Earnest.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sentimental comedy highlighted middle-class protagonists overcoming moral challenges, aiming to invoke empathy and tears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sheridan’s comedies ridiculed the upper class while showcasing the moral failings of its members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cromwell's extreme Puritanism and restrictions on entertainment resulted in a repressive cultural atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that art does not need to serve a moral or political purpose, but can exist for beauty and aesthetic enjoyment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She symbolizes Jane's repressed emotions and the constraints on women's creative expression in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both works lament the spiritual disconnection and moral decay in post-war Western civilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlighted class struggles and economic hardships, leading authors to explore themes of inequality and social unrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modernism emerged, characterized by a break from tradition and a focus on fragmented narratives and subjective realities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It critiques the dangers of dehumanization and loss of individuality in a technologically advanced, utopian society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aimed to create a 'Welfare State' for social support, including healthcare and education for all classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dystopian literature depicted the consequences of utopian ideals, exploring themes of totalitarianism and societal collapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It critiques the limitations imposed on women and the inequities in societal expectations compared to men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasized relatable poetry for ordinary people, contrasting with the complex language of earlier Modernists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It portrayed the harsh realities and struggles of everyday working-class life, focusing on authenticity and realism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Woolf critiques the increasing influence of mass media and entertainment on societal values and individual identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Literature explored themes of decolonization, migration, and the loss of sovereignty in a post-imperial world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It warned against totalitarianism and the erasure of individuality through oppressive surveillance and control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It fostered a culture of materialism, where comfort and consumer goods became central to societal happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homosexuality was legalized, contraception became available, and there was a decline in censorship and capital punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A strong system of social hierarchy based on land ownership and loyalty between lords and vassals.

A type of literature that uses verse and rhyme to tell stories, often about knights and their quests for love and adventure.

The Battle of Hastings, where William the Conqueror defeated the English in 1066, marked the beginning of Norman rule in England. The Bayeux Tapestry is a famous piece of embroidery depicting this battle.

1066: William the Conqueror led Normans to the victory at the Battle of Hastings, Bayeux Tapestry

• Normans = Scandinavian tribes settled in Normandy (France)

The Domesday Book was the first comprehensive record of land ownership and taxation in England. It was commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1086.

The story of Tristan and Isolda is an epic love story that is part of the Arthurian/British cycle of metrical romances.

The Owl and the Nightingale is a debate poem that uses the back-and-forth conversation between two birds to explore the themes of love and virtue.

A type of story, often funny and satirical, that features clever tricks and witty dialogue.

A medieval English text written by Layamon that tells the story of the British kings from Brutus to King Arthur, incorporating historical and legendary elements.

The Hundred Years' War was a long and complex conflict between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453, impacting many aspects of English society and literature.

Massive stone cross containing a runic transcription of a Christian poem, "The Dream of the Rood."

A prose chronicle written in Latin by Bede Venerabilis, covering Anglo-Saxon history from the invasion to the author's death.

King Alfred's defensive strategy against Vikings, consisting of a chain of fortresses along the border.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a historical record of events from the early Christian era until the Norman Conquest.

The period when Viking raids dominated northeastern England, resulting in a cultural decline in Northumbria.

The first English culture to produce literary texts, originating from the Germanic tribes who migrated to Britain after 450 AD.

The arrival of Christianity in England, initiated by Pope Gregory the Great sending Augustine to Kent in 597 AD.

The first written literature after Christianization, created by Christian monks in monasteries, often incorporating pagan stories.

A poem by Caedmon, considered the first piece of English literature.

A type of medieval poetry featuring a fictional discussion of a dilemma from opposite points of view.

A type of medieval story conveying a moral lesson through a narrative example, often incorporating biblical themes.

The Norman Conquest of England in 1066, led by William the Conqueror, resulted in significant cultural and linguistic changes.

The arrival of Germanic tribes from Northern Germany and Denmark marked the beginning of the first English culture to produce literature in the 5th and 6th centuries. This occurred as the Romans withdrew to protect Rome, leaving a power vacuum in Europe.

The Anglo-Saxon period was characterized by small, independent communities with limited communication and no centralized authority. Around 650 AD, the Heptarchy, a group of seven kingdoms established by various Germanic tribes, emerged.

Anglo-Saxon society held a strong emphasis on military prowess and agriculture, rejecting Roman advancements. Its values centered on loyalty to the tribal chief, revenge, fatalism, and a belief in 'Wyrd', a cosmic force dictating fate.

Anglo-Saxons practiced paganism, a religion based on natural forces and deities associated with wind, birth, trees, etc. They believed in 'Wyrd', a cosmic force that determined fate and doom, shaping their worldview as dark, sad, and isolated.

The arrival of Christianity in 597 AD marked a significant shift in Anglo-Saxon culture. Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to Kent, leading to the conversion of its king and the establishment of Canterbury as the seat of the English Bishop.

Early Anglo-Saxons used runes for religious purposes, leaving no written literature. Therefore, secular literature, including folklore, was spread orally through bards and scops who traveled from village to village.

After the Christianization of Anglo-Saxons, monks in monasteries emerged as centers of culture, knowledge, and education. They documented pagan tales, marking the beginnings of written Anglo-Saxon literature in the form of poems, riddles, and religious texts.

Frank's Casket, a 7th-century artifact, is a prime example of how Anglo-Saxon culture blended elements of paganism and Christianity. It features motifs from both pagan and Christian mythology.

Anglo-Saxon secular poetry encompassed various genres, including charms, proverbs, and riddles. Heroic poems like Beowulf were popular, as well as battle poetry like 'The Battle of Brunanbuhr' and 'The Battle of Maldon.' Elegies like 'Wife's Lament' explored themes of sadness and loneliness.

Notable religious writers included Caedmon, possibly the earliest known Anglo-Saxon author, and Cynewulf. Their works, along with other religious texts, contributed significantly to the development of Anglo-Saxon literature.

A philosophical and cultural movement that emphasized reason, human potential, and secular values during the 14th to 16th centuries. It challenged medieval dogmatism and promoted individual freedom and education.

A religious reform movement that began in the 16th century, emphasizing a direct relationship between individuals and God, challenging the authority of the Catholic Church. Key figures include Martin Luther and Henry VIII.

A literary movement characterized by a focus on the human experience, realism, and a rejection of medieval schematic representations. It aimed to portray the world truthfully, emphasizing individual potential and societal values.

A form of poetry consisting of 14 lines with a specific rhyme scheme (usually ABAB CDCD EFEF GG) and a rhythm based on iambic pentameter. Often explores themes of love, beauty, and human emotions.

A 16th-century English poet known for his collection of 100 sonnets, "Astrophel and Stella." His work influenced the sonnet fad of the 1590s and paved the way for Shakespeare's sonnets.

An English poet and playwright, considered the greatest writer in the English language. His works, including Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Macbeth, continue to resonate with audiences centuries later.

A Renaissance thinker known for his advancements in scientific methodology. He emphasized experimentation and observation in the pursuit of knowledge.

A period of philosophical and artistic pessimism in the 17th century following the optimism of the Renaissance. It embraced a darker view of life, emphasizing death, decay, and human limitations.

A group of 17th-century poets known for their complex and intellectual style, exploring philosophical and religious themes through metaphor and paradox. Key figures include John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, and Henry Vaughan.

A 17th-century English poet considered one of the most original voices of his time. Known for his love poetry, religious verse, and metaphysical explorations of faith and existence.

A political and social upheaval in England between 1642 and 1649, marked by conflict between the Royalists (supporters of the monarchy) and the Parliamentarians (supporters of Parliament). The conflict ultimately led to the execution of King Charles I.

A period of time between 1649 and 1660 when England lacked a monarch. Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, served as the head of the English Commonwealth.

Plays that focus on abstract qualities like virtues and vices, often with didactic messages about human morality and free will.

A type of poetry characterized by its focus on idealized love, romantic themes, and courtly manners. It often used Petrarchan imagery and themes of unrequited love.

A type of morality play where a dying man is visited by his virtues and vices, highlighting the importance of good deeds.

Plays aimed at humorously ridiculing human faults and imperfections.

The period between 1550-1600 in English theater marked by significant growth and innovation in playwriting and performance.

The period between 1550-1600 in English theater marked by significant growth and innovation in playwriting and performance.

The rise of professional theatre companies and playwrights during the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods.

The banning of religious plays and the rise of secular plays during 16th century drama.

The control of theatrical content by the crown, aimed at preventing political and religious dissent.

The official overseeing play scripts and approving them for performance.

A theater located in Shoreditch, built in 1576 and later dismantled and rebuilt as The Globe.

A circular theater located in Southwark, built in 1599 and known for its iconic performances.

A form of tragedy where revenge and bloodshed are central themes.

The concept of sovereignty and its basis in the legitimacy of royal power.

The widely held belief in the Renaissance that men were superior to women and the debate surrounding female roles.

The discussion and exploration of love, marriage, and sexuality in Renaissance literature.

A period in English history marked by the restoration of the monarchy after the Commonwealth, characterized by a return to courtly culture and social change.

A genre of medieval drama that focused on retelling biblical stories, often with a blend of seriousness and humor.

A genre of medieval drama that focused on the lives of saints, celebrating their miracles and piety.

A specific type of theatrical staging where actors perform on movable wagons or platforms, creating a procession through a city.

The period in English history characterized by a resurgence of interest in classical art, literature, and culture, emphasizing human potential and reason.

A stylistic period in the arts characterized by a focus on elaborate ornamentation, grand scale, and exaggerated contrasts, often reflecting a sense of drama and theatricality.

A literary movement that valued the elegance and formality of language and the use of wit and cleverness, often inspired by classical rhetorical traditions.

A form of extended metaphor that uses a story or a series of symbols to represent a deeper moral or spiritual meaning.

A genre of literature that emerged in the 17th century, characterized by realistic characters and plots, typically focusing on everyday life and social issues.

A literary movement that emphasized emotional intensity, subjectivity, and often used complex metaphors and conceits to explore the human condition.

The period of English history following the English Civil War, characterized by political and social upheaval, with the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth.

Le Morte d'Arthur, a work by Thomas Malory, tells the story of King Arthur and his knights, and is considered a significant representation of Arthurian legends. Its publication in 1485 marked a symbolic end to the medieval era and the beginning of the Renaissance.

William Caxton, a pivotal figure in the development of the English language, was the first printer in England. His printing press standardized spelling, grammar, and literary content, contributing to the formation of a national identity.

The War of the Roses, a prolonged conflict between the Houses of York and Lancaster, represents a period of political turmoil and power struggles in England (1455-1485). It marked a shift from the Plantagenet dynasty to the Tudor dynasty.

The Lollards were a group of followers of John Wycliffe, a prominent figure promoting religious reform and scriptural translation during the late 14th century. They advocated for the translation of the Bible into English, contributing to the dissemination of religious teachings and the development of the English language.

The influence of French literature is evident in Chaucer's work, notably in 'The Book of the Duchess,' a poem narrating the death of John of Gaunt's first wife.

Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' showcases the influence of Italian literature, particularly the works of Boccaccio, known for its exploration of courtly love and the complexities of human relationships.

The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury, is regarded as Chaucer's masterpiece. It showcases a wide range of characters and diverse narratives, vividly depicting medieval English society.

The rise of universities led to a shift in the center of scholarly production from monasteries to academic institutions. This transition facilitated the advancement of knowledge and the spread of intellectual thought.

Saints' lives, prevalent throughout the medieval period, served as ethical models, offering narratives of piety, virtue, and exemplary conduct. These narratives often celebrated women's lives and their contributions to faith.

The 'Dream of the Rood' represents a shift in focus from resurrection to crucifixion in medieval literature. This shift underscores the evolving spiritual and theological perspectives of the time.

The concept of chattel, derived from the Old French word 'catel,' originally referred to cattle, which served as a form of currency in medieval England. This later evolved into gold coins bearing the imprint of the reigning monarch, signifying a shift in economic practices.

Gifts, traditionally presented in the form of war gear and jewellery, were not only seen as forms of payment but also as expressions of honor and wealth in medieval England, reflecting the intricate social dynamics of the time.

While the Middle Ages is often associated with misogynistic attitudes, it's important to recognize the existence of women writers who challenged these perspectives. Christine de Pisan, a French writer, criticized misogyny and contributed to a more nuanced understanding of women's roles in society.

Harlotrie, a term used to describe writing that offends against moral standards, reflects the diverse expressions of medieval English literature. While some works celebrated virtues, others explored more controversial themes, such as those found in fabliaux, like 'The Millers Tale.'

A type of satire that uses dark humor, irony, and a serious tone to expose societal flaws. Often known for its biting wit and bleak outlook.

A famous novel by Jonathan Swift that uses satirical allegory to criticize human nature and societal institutions. It follows the adventures of Lemuel Gulliver, who travels to various fantastical lands.

A collection of knowledge organized into articles and entries, often arranged systematically. It represents a key feature of the Enlightenment, emphasizing the pursuit of knowledge.

The first concise dictionary of the English language, compiled by Dr. Samuel Johnson. It standardized English vocabulary and helped define the language.

A literary genre that tells a realistic story about ordinary characters in a detailed and adventurous manner. It emerged in the early 18th century.

A novel that uses letters as its primary form of storytelling. Examples include Samuel Richardson's 'Pamela' and 'Clarissa.'

A form of writing that presents a humorous and critical view of society, exposing its flaws and follies. Often uses exaggeration and irony to achieve its effect.

A novel that portrays the adventures of a rogue or vagabond character, often from humble backgrounds. It's a subgenre of the novel that emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries.

A type of novel that emphasizes emotions, sentimentality, and the goodness of human nature. It often focuses on moral dilemmas and the development of characters.

A type of novel that emerged in the late 18th century, characterized by mysterious and often frightening elements. Gothic novels often feature gloomy castles, supernatural events, and romantic themes.

The period of time during which Charles II ruled England after the end of the Commonwealth, marked by a return to monarchy and a shift towards a more balanced government.

A system of government where the power of the monarch is limited by a constitution and parliament.

The social class composed of merchants, bankers, and other wealthy individuals involved in trade and commerce.

The traditional aristocratic class, which lost some power during the Restoration as trade and commerce became more important.

A political faction in English Parliament that emerged in the 1670s, supporting a strong monarchy and traditional values. They were often associated with the landed gentry and the Church of England.

A political faction in English Parliament that emerged in the 1670s, advocating for greater parliamentary power and individual liberties. They were often associated with the middle class and the nonconformist Protestant churches.

A literary movement that emphasized reason, order and balance, drawing inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman culture.

A style of writing that imitates ancient genres like epic poetry and satire.

A philosophical and intellectual movement that emphasized human reason, natural law, and scientific inquiry. It flourished in the 18th century.

The concept that the mind begins as a blank slate, and knowledge is acquired through experience and reason.

The period of history corresponding to the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD), viewed by 18th century writers as a golden age of literature and culture.

A genre of writing that uses humor, exaggeration, and irony to critique societal vices and follies.

A style of satire that uses light humor and clever observations to gently criticize.

A type of short story that focuses on the development of a single character, illustrating a specific quality through their actions and interactions.

Aphra Behn's novel "Oroonoko" is a fictional story about a slave of royal lineage who rebels against his captors. It draws parallels to current political events, particularly the beheading of Charles I.

Daniel Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" is a novel about a man who is shipwrecked on a deserted island and builds a new life for himself. It is a story about self-reliance and the power of human ingenuity.

Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" is a satirical novel about a man who travels to various fantastical lands and encounters strange creatures. It is a critical commentary on human nature and society.

Alexander Pope's "Essay on Man" is a philosophical poem that explores the nature and state of humanity. It is a complex work that touches on themes such as human nature, the universe, and happiness.

Samuel Richardson's "Clarissa" is an epistolary novel that tells the story of a young woman who is forced into an unwanted marriage and then kidnapped by a man who rapes her. It is a tragic tale about the power of societal expectations and the dangers of male domination.

In the 18th century, a literary movement called Pre-Romanticism emerged. It emphasized emotion, sensibility, and nature, moving away from the strict rationalism of the Enlightenment.

Sentimentalism was a literary movement that focused on emotional responses and the power of feelings. It often explored themes of love, loss, and the beauty of nature.

The graveyard poets were a group of English poets who wrote about death and mortality. They often used images of graveyards and tombs to explore themes of life and death.

The Earl of Shaftesbury was an important figure in the development of Pre-Romanticism. He believed that nature was a source of beauty and goodness and that human beings should live in harmony with nature.

William Blake was a prominent English poet and artist who was a key figure in the development of Romanticism. He celebrated imagination, individual expression, and the power of nature.

A group of English Romantic poets associated with the Lake District, including Wordsworth and Coleridge.

William Wordsworth's major work, a semi-autobiographical poem exploring his life and experiences.

English Romantic poet known for his unique style, blending nature, mystery, and fantasy.

A collection of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge that marked a turning point in English Romanticism, emphasizing simple language and nature.