Questions and Answers
What is the approximate number of amino acids in the hormone angiotensin 2?
What is the effect of angiotensin 2 on smooth muscle in blood vessels?
What happens to blood pressure when vasoconstriction occurs?
What is the formula that relates blood pressure to flow and resistance?
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What is the term for the constriction of blood vessels?
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What is the effect of increased resistance on blood pressure?
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What are the two components of flow (Q) in the formula ΔP = Q × R?
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What is the meaning of the prefix 'angio' in the word 'angiotensin'?
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What is the effect of angiotensin 2 on blood vessels?
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What is the rapid response of blood vessels to angiotensin 2?
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What is the effect of sodium reabsorption on urine?
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What is the effect of ADH on blood vessels?
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What is the main function of aldosterone?
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What is the effect of increased stroke volume on arterial pressure?
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What is the target organ affected by angiotensin 2 that responds slowly?
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What is the effect of water reabsorption on blood pressure?
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What is the function of the pituitary gland in response to angiotensin 2?
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What is the result of increased resistance and increased stroke volume on blood pressure?
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What is the purpose of reabsorbing water in the nephron?
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Why does the sodium reabsorption strategy work?
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What happens when you try to reabsorb salt in an area of the nephron that is not permeable to water?
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What is the strategy used by ADH to reabsorb water in areas of the nephron that are not permeable to water?
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Why do aldosterone and angiotensin 2 work in areas of the nephron that are permeable to water?
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What is the key to increasing stroke volume in both situations?
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What is the difference between how ADH and aldosterone/angiotensin 2 work?
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Why does the water channel approach not work in areas of the nephron that are permeable to water?
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Study Notes
Angiotensin 2 Hormone
- Angiotensin 2 is a small hormone consisting of 8 amino acids
- It targets various organs and causes vasoconstriction in blood vessels
- Vasoconstriction increases resistance, leading to increased blood pressure
Blood Vessel Target
- Angiotensin 2 constricts smooth muscle in blood vessel walls, causing vasoconstriction
- This increases resistance, which in turn increases blood pressure (delta P = Q x R)
- The formula delta P = Q x R is useful in understanding how angiotensin 2 affects blood pressure
- Increased resistance leads to increased arterial pressure, with little change in venous pressure
Kidney Target
- Angiotensin 2 causes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to water reabsorption
- This increases stroke volume, which in turn increases arterial blood pressure
- The response in the kidneys is slower compared to the rapid response in blood vessels
Pituitary Gland Target
- Angiotensin 2 stimulates the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- ADH causes vasoconstriction and water reabsorption, leading to increased stroke volume and blood pressure
- Water reabsorption differs from sodium reabsorption in its mechanism and effect on blood pressure
Adrenal Gland Target
- Angiotensin 2 stimulates the adrenal gland to release aldosterone
- Aldosterone causes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to water reabsorption and increased stroke volume
- Sodium reabsorption also leads to increased blood pressure
Salt vs. Water Reabsorption
- Both salt and water reabsorption increase stroke volume and blood pressure
- Salt reabsorption works through osmosis, pulling water back into the bloodstream
- Water reabsorption uses specialized channels to allow water to pass through
- ADH uses water channels, while aldosterone and angiotensin 2 use salt reabsorption
- The strategy used depends on the permeability of the nephron to water
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Description
Learn about the targets of angiotensin 2, a small hormone composed of 8 amino acids, and its role in the body.
