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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the process where sperm cells are delivered inside the tube cell of the ovule?
What is the name of the process where sperm cells are delivered inside the tube cell of the ovule?
Pollen tube delivery
What is the name of the structure produced by the microspore that contains the male gametophyte?
What is the name of the structure produced by the microspore that contains the male gametophyte?
Pollen grain
What are the two cells that make up the male gametophyte?
What are the two cells that make up the male gametophyte?
Generative cell and tube cell
What is the significance of the 'double fertilization' process in angiosperms?
What is the significance of the 'double fertilization' process in angiosperms?
The sporophyte generation of angiosperms is the dominant generation, meaning it is the larger and more noticeable one.
The sporophyte generation of angiosperms is the dominant generation, meaning it is the larger and more noticeable one.
What is the specialized cell that nourishes the developing embryo in angiosperms?
What is the specialized cell that nourishes the developing embryo in angiosperms?
What is the name of the female gametophyte in angiosperm plants?
What is the name of the female gametophyte in angiosperm plants?
What are the two protective layers that surround the embryo sac?
What are the two protective layers that surround the embryo sac?
What are the products that are stored in the endosperm of developing seeds?
What are the products that are stored in the endosperm of developing seeds?
What type of structure is produced by the ovary after the fertilization process?
What type of structure is produced by the ovary after the fertilization process?
What are the two primary functions of the fruit?
What are the two primary functions of the fruit?
What is the name of the specialized stalk that guides the pollen tube towards the egg cell?
What is the name of the specialized stalk that guides the pollen tube towards the egg cell?
What is the primary function of the nucellus in the ovule?
What is the primary function of the nucellus in the ovule?
What are the name of the haploid cells produced by the microspore?
What are the name of the haploid cells produced by the microspore?
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the embryo and endosperm?
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the embryo and endosperm?
Angiosperms are also known as flowering plants.
Angiosperms are also known as flowering plants.
The integuments develop into the fruit.
The integuments develop into the fruit.
Pollination occurs before fertilization.
Pollination occurs before fertilization.
The generative cell inside the pollen grain produces two sperm cells.
The generative cell inside the pollen grain produces two sperm cells.
The female gametophyte is produced by the megaspore mother cell.
The female gametophyte is produced by the megaspore mother cell.
The embryo sac contains eight nuclei.
The embryo sac contains eight nuclei.
The megaspore develops into the pollen grain.
The megaspore develops into the pollen grain.
The integuments are made up of sporophyte tissue.
The integuments are made up of sporophyte tissue.
The female gametophyte is a haploid structure.
The female gametophyte is a haploid structure.
The male gametophyte is diploid.
The male gametophyte is diploid.
What is the process of the pollen grain reaching the stigma called?
What is the process of the pollen grain reaching the stigma called?
What is the process called when the sperm cell fuses with the egg cell?
What is the process called when the sperm cell fuses with the egg cell?
What is the name of the process that results in the development of a new plant from a seed?
What is the name of the process that results in the development of a new plant from a seed?
What is the name of the structure that surrounds the embryo in a seed?
What is the name of the structure that surrounds the embryo in a seed?
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of spores?
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of spores?
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the female gametophyte (embryo sac)?
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the female gametophyte (embryo sac)?
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the male gametophyte (pollen grain)?
What is the name of the process that results in the formation of the male gametophyte (pollen grain)?
What type of cell division is involved in the development of the megaspore?
What type of cell division is involved in the development of the megaspore?
The pollen tube grows towards the egg cell by chemotaxis, which is movement guided by a chemical gradient.
The pollen tube grows towards the egg cell by chemotaxis, which is movement guided by a chemical gradient.
The embryo sac is enclosed by the nucellus.
The embryo sac is enclosed by the nucellus.
The endosperm is a diploid tissue.
The endosperm is a diploid tissue.
The ovary is part of the female gametophyte.
The ovary is part of the female gametophyte.
Angiosperms are the most diverse group of plants.
Angiosperms are the most diverse group of plants.
The tube cell is responsible for delivering the sperm cells to the egg cell.
The tube cell is responsible for delivering the sperm cells to the egg cell.
Angiosperms have a dominant gametophyte stage.
Angiosperms have a dominant gametophyte stage.
Angiosperm seeds develop inside a fruit.
Angiosperm seeds develop inside a fruit.
Pollination is the process by which the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell.
Pollination is the process by which the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell.
The generative cell divides by meiosis.
The generative cell divides by meiosis.
Flashcards
Pollination
Pollination
The process where a pollen grain lands on a receptive stigma.
Stamens
Stamens
Reproductive structures within a flower that produce pollen.
Microsporocyte
Microsporocyte
A diploid cell within the anther that undergoes meiosis to produce haploid microspores.
Pollen grain
Pollen grain
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Pollen tube
Pollen tube
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Carpel
Carpel
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Ovule
Ovule
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Megasporangium
Megasporangium
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Megasporocyte
Megasporocyte
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Megaspore
Megaspore
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Embryo sac
Embryo sac
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Synergid cell
Synergid cell
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Egg cell
Egg cell
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Polar nuclei
Polar nuclei
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Antipodal cells
Antipodal cells
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Double fertilization
Double fertilization
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Endosperm
Endosperm
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Fertilization
Fertilization
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Zygote
Zygote
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Embryo
Embryo
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Seed
Seed
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Seed coat
Seed coat
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Fruit
Fruit
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Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal
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Cotyledons
Cotyledons
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Germination
Germination
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Seedling
Seedling
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Sporophyte
Sporophyte
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Gametophyte
Gametophyte
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Study Notes
Angiosperm Life Cycle Overview
- Angiosperms have a complex life cycle focusing on gametophyte development, pollen tube delivery, and double fertilization.
- Gametophytes are reduced and dependent on sporophytes for nutrients.
- Gametophytes are microscopic and their development is often obscured.
Female Gametophyte Development (Embryo Sacs)
- Female gametophytes (embryo sacs) develop within ovules deep within the ovary.
- Embryo sac formation occurs in a megasporangium.
- Two layers of protective tissue (integuments) surround the megasporangium, except for a gap called the micropyle.
- A megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores, usually only one survives.
- Repeated mitosis of the surviving megaspore creates a large cell with eight nuclei.
- These nuclei organize into a mature embryo sac, containing seven cells and eight nuclei, including polar nuclei.
- Syngerid cells flank the egg cell and help guide the pollen tube.
- Antipodal cells are at the opposite end of the embryo sac.
Male Gametophyte Development (Pollen Grains)
- Male gametophytes develop in microsporangia (pollen sacs) within the anthers of stamens.
- Microsporocytes within the microsporangia undergo meiosis, producing four haploid microspores.
- Each microspore develops into a haploid male gametophyte, consisting of two cells: the generative cell and the tube cell.
- The generative cell will divide to form two sperm cells.
- The tube cell forms a pollen tube for sperm delivery.
Sperm Delivery by Pollen Tubes
- Pollen grains are transferred to a receptive stigma (pollination).
- The pollen grain absorbs water and germinates by producing a pollen tube.
- The tube cell elongates through the style, guiding sperm toward the embryo sac.
- The generative cell divides, producing two sperm cells that travel in the pollen tube.
- The tube nucleus of the pollen tube leads ahead of the sperm cells.
Double Fertilization
- Double fertilization is unique to angiosperms.
- One sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming the zygote.
- Another sperm fuses with polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm.
- Endosperm is a nutritive tissue within the seed.
- Double fertilization prevents energy waste on unfertilized ovules.
Seed Development
- The ovule develops into a seed after double fertilization.
- The ovary develops into a fruit, enclosing the seeds.
- Seeds stockpile nutrients (proteins, oils, starch) for the developing embryo.
- The endosperm and later cotyledons provide nourishment.
- Seed germination leads to a new sporophyte.
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Description
Explore the complex life cycle of angiosperms, focusing on the development of female gametophytes and the crucial processes of gametophyte dependency, pollen tube delivery, and double fertilization. Understand how gametophytes function within the ovule and their intricate cellular organization.
