Angina Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of angina is triggered by exercise or other physically demanding activities?

  • Variant angina
  • Stable angina (correct)
  • Prinzmetal angina
  • Unstable angina

Which type of angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion?

  • Prinzmetal angina
  • Unstable angina (correct)
  • Stable angina
  • Variant angina

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary vasospasms and occurs while resting, during the night, or during early morning hours?

  • Stable angina
  • Unstable angina
  • Variant angina (correct)
  • Prinzmetal angina

Which type of angina is not indicative of a coronary plaque-based restriction?

<p>Variant angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is treated using vasodilators such as nitroglycerin?

<p>Stable angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina should be regarded as an emergency?

<p>Unstable angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary arterial vasospasms and is associated with triggering sudden cardiac death?

<p>Variant angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely overall to report angina?

<p>Females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely to experience vasospastic angina?

<p>Females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does vasospastic angina usually present?

<p>Midnight to morning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina are females more likely to report?

<p>Angina at rest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is less likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Shortness of breath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disconnect observed in pathological analysis of females with angina?

<p>Coronary arteries are narrowed but no angiographic signs of lumen narrowing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life?

<p>Females are more likely to report (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina at rest?

<p>Females are more likely to report (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting pain in the back, neck, and jaw?

<p>Females are more likely to report (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting shortness of breath, nausea or indigestion, and fatigue?

<p>Females are more likely to report (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by exercise or other physically demanding activities?

<p>Stable angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is not indicative of a coronary plaque-based restriction?

<p>Variant angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting shortness of breath, nausea or indigestion, and fatigue?

<p>Females report more (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely to experience vasospastic angina?

<p>Females (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary arterial vasospasms and is associated with triggering sudden cardiac death?

<p>Variant angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>The severity of the stenosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Gender disparities in treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Back pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina at rest?

<p>Females report more (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting pain in the back, neck, and jaw?

<p>Females report more (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Shortness of breath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life?

<p>Females are more likely to report decreased quality of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disconnect observed in pathological analysis of females with angina?

<p>Coronary arteries are severely narrowed but no signs of myocardial ischemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>The severity of the narrowing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely overall to report angina?

<p>Females (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by exercise or other physically demanding activities?

<p>Stable angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is not indicative of a coronary plaque-based restriction?

<p>Microvascular angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion?

<p>Unstable angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely to experience vasospastic angina?

<p>Males (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by exercise or other physically demanding activities?

<p>Stable angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion?

<p>Unstable angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is not indicative of a coronary plaque-based restriction?

<p>Variant angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely overall to report angina?

<p>Females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary vasospasms and occurs while resting, during the night, or during early morning hours?

<p>Variant angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Jaw pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina should be regarded as an emergency?

<p>Unstable angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does vasospastic angina usually present?

<p>During early morning hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is less likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Fatigue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina at rest?

<p>Females report more (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Chest pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina at rest?

<p>Females report more angina at rest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>The degree of lumen narrowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by exercise or other physically demanding activities?

<p>Stable angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life?

<p>Females report more decreased quality of life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely overall to report angina?

<p>Elderly individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disconnect observed in pathological analysis of females with angina?

<p>Coronary arteries are severely narrowed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion?

<p>Unstable angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely to experience vasospastic angina?

<p>Young adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary vasospasms and occurs while resting, during the night, or during early morning hours?

<p>Vasospastic angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is less likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely to experience vasospastic angina?

<p>Females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion?

<p>Unstable angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina at rest?

<p>More likely in females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disconnect observed in pathological analysis of females with angina?

<p>Gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina should be regarded as an emergency?

<p>Unstable angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>Not mentioned in the text (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Shortness of breath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is less likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life?

<p>Females report a higher association than males (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina at rest?

<p>Females are more likely to report angina at rest than males (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disconnect observed in pathological analysis of females with angina?

<p>No signs of disease in the large coronary arteries but severe myocardial ischemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>Both the degree of narrowing and compensatory vasodilatation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary vasospasms and occurs while resting, during the night, or during early morning hours?

<p>Vasospastic angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina should be regarded as an emergency?

<p>Unstable angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting pain in the back, neck, and jaw?

<p>Females are more likely to report pain in the back, neck, and jaw than males (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely overall to report angina?

<p>Females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by exercise or other physically demanding activities?

<p>Stable angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion?

<p>Unstable angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary vasospasms and occurs while resting, during the night, or during early morning hours?

<p>Variant angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina?

<p>Females are more likely to report angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is typically severe and not relieved by rest in variant angina?

<p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary event associated with triggering sudden cardiac death in vasospastic angina?

<p>Coronary vasospasms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely to experience vasospastic angina?

<p>Patients with migraines using triptans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why will you not find positive troponin levels in unstable angina?

<p>Unstable angina does not cause infarcted tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of nitroglycerin in stable angina?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of stable angina symptoms?

<p>They resolve shortly after stopping the activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina at rest?

<p>Females are more likely to report angina at rest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is less likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life?

<p>Females are more likely to report the association of angina with decreased quality of life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>Both the degree of narrowing and the amount of compensatory vasodilatation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by exercise or other physically demanding activities?

<p>Stable angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting pain in the back, neck, and jaw?

<p>Females are more likely to report pain in the back, neck, and jaw. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion?

<p>Unstable angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Shortness of breath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is less likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by exercise or other physically demanding activities?

<p>Stable angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion?

<p>Unstable angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary vasospasms and occurs while resting, during the night, or during early morning hours?

<p>Variant angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is typically severe and not relieved by rest in variant angina?

<p>Nausea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely overall to report angina?

<p>Females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina at rest?

<p>Females are more likely to report angina at rest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>Severity of stenosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Disconnect in pathological analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina should be regarded as an emergency?

<p>Unstable angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting pain in the back, neck, and jaw?

<p>Females report more pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of nitroglycerin in stable angina?

<p>Relieves chest pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life?

<p>Females report more association (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is typically severe and not relieved by rest in variant angina?

<p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary vasospasms and occurs while resting, during the night, or during early morning hours?

<p>Variant angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disconnect observed in pathological analysis of females with angina?

<p>Disconnect between lumen narrowing and myocardial ischemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>Both the degree of narrowing and compensatory vasodilatation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely overall to report angina?

<p>Females (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is more likely to be reported by females?

<p>Persistent angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Shortness of breath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life?

<p>Females report more frequently (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disconnect observed in pathological analysis of females with angina?

<p>Coronary arteries are not narrowed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>The degree of narrowing of the epicardial portion of the vessel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely overall to report angina?

<p>Females (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is typically severe and not relieved by rest in variant angina?

<p>Chest pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary event associated with triggering sudden cardiac death in vasospastic angina?

<p>Coronary artery vasospasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does vasospastic angina usually present?

<p>At rest or during the night (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is typically triggered by exercise or other physically demanding activities?

<p>Stable angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is characterized by symptoms that can arise without physical exertion and may not be alleviated by medication?

<p>Unstable angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary vasospasms and typically occurs while resting, during the night, or during early morning hours?

<p>Variant angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary arterial vasospasms and is associated with triggering sudden cardiac death?

<p>Vasospastic angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary event associated with triggering sudden cardiac death in vasospastic angina?

<p>Coronary arterial vasospasms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of stable angina symptoms?

<p>Symptoms resolve shortly after stopping physical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of unstable angina symptoms?

<p>Symptoms can arise without physical exertion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of variant angina symptoms?

<p>Symptoms are typically severe and not relieved by rest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of vasospastic angina symptoms?

<p>Symptoms are typically severe and not relieved by rest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina overall?

<p>Females are more likely overall to report angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary event associated with triggering sudden cardiac death?

<p>Coronary vasospasms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina is triggered by coronary vasospasms and occurs while resting, during the night, or during early morning hours?

<p>Variant angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is typically severe and not relieved by rest in variant angina?

<p>Chest pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of angina shows acute improvement using a vasodilator such as nitroglycerin?

<p>Stable angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina overall?

<p>Females are more likely to report angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion?

<p>Unstable angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life?

<p>Females are more likely to report the association of angina with decreased quality of life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Shortness of breath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>Coronary plaque-based restriction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely overall to report angina?

<p>Females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is more likely to be associated with angina in females?

<p>Pain in the back, neck, and jaw (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting angina at rest?

<p>Females are more likely to report angina at rest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in reporting the association of angina with decreased quality of life?

<p>Females are more likely to report the association of angina with decreased quality of life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified in recent studies in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction?

<p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depend on?

<p>The degree of narrowing of the epicardial portion of the vessel and the amount of compensatory vasodilatation the distal resistance vessels can achieve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion?

<p>Variant angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is more likely overall to report angina?

<p>Females (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is typically severe and not relieved by rest in variant angina?

<p>Chest pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disconnect observed in pathological analysis of females with angina?

<p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction without signs of disease in large coronary arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angina should be regarded as an emergency?

<p>Variant angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Stable Angina?

Angina that occurs during physical exertion, like exercise or other physically demanding activities.

What is Variant Angina?

Angina experienced while resting, during the night, or early morning, typically triggered by coronary vasospasms.

What is Unstable Angina?

Angina that indicates a progression of the disease and can occur even without exertion.

Is Variant Angina caused by plaques?

Angina not caused by coronary plaques but by vasospasms in the coronary arteries.

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How is Stable Angina treated?

Vasodilators like nitroglycerin can effectively treat stable angina.

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Why is Unstable Angina an emergency?

Unstable angina is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.

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What is the risk factor of Variant Angina?

Variant Angina is triggered by coronary artery vasospasms and associated with the risk of sudden cardiac death.

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Who is more likely to report angina?

Females are more likely to report experiencing angina compared to males.

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Who is more likely to experience Vasospastic Angina?

Women are more likely to experience vasospastic angina.

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When does Vasospastic Angina usually present?

Vasospastic angina usually presents between midnight and morning.

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Who is more likely to report angina at rest?

Females are more likely to report experiencing angina at rest.

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What are common symptoms of angina in females?

Females are more likely to report experiencing pain in the back, neck, and jaw when experiencing angina.

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What are other common symptoms of angina in females?

Females are more likely to report experiencing shortness of breath, nausea, indigestion, and fatigue, when experiencing angina.

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What is the disconnect observed in pathological analysis of females with angina?

Despite narrowed coronary arteries, females with angina often lack angiographic signs of lumen narrowing, a disconnect observed in pathological analysis.

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What is the current understanding of angina and myocardial infarction?

Recent studies indicate that both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction have evidence of coronary microvascular dysfunction.

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What factors determine the severity of a coronary artery stenosis?

The severity of the stenosis, the location of the stenosis, and the presence of other risk factors are all significant factors in determining the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis.

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Who is more likely to report angina impacting quality of life?

Females are more likely to report an association between angina and a decreased quality of life.

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Define Stable Angina.

Angina triggered by exercise or other physically demanding activities.

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Define Variant Angina.

Angina not caused by coronary plaques but by vasospasms in the coronary arteries.

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Define Unstable Angina.

Angina that indicates progression of the disease and can occur without exertion.

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What are the gender differences in reporting symptoms of angina?

Females are more likely to report a broader range of symptoms associated with angina.

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How do women typically experience angina?

Females are more likely to report experiencing pain in the back, neck, and jaw, in addition to chest pain, when experiencing angina.

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How does angina affect quality of life?

Females are more likely to report decreased quality of life due to angina compared to males.

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Explain the paradox observed in females with angina.

Despite narrowed coronary arteries, females with angina often lack angiographic signs of lumen narrowing, a disconnect observed in pathological analysis.

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What is the shared characteristic in males and females with angina?

Recent studies suggest that both males and females experiencing angina and myocardial infarction display coronary microvascular dysfunction.

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What factors determine the severity of a coronary artery stenosis?

The severity of the narrowing, the location of the narrowing, and the presence of other risk factors determine the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis.

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Study Notes

Types of Angina

  • Exercise-induced angina is triggered by physical activity and represents a stable pattern of symptoms.
  • Unstable angina represents progression and can arise without physical exertion.
  • Variant angina is triggered by coronary vasospasms and occurs while resting, during the night, or during early morning hours.

Angina Symptoms

  • Females are more likely to report angina, especially atypical symptoms such as shortness of breath, nausea or indigestion, and fatigue.
  • Males are more likely to report typical symptoms such as chest pain or pressure.

Vasospastic Angina

  • Vasospastic angina is more likely to occur in females and is triggered by coronary arterial vasospasms.
  • It is associated with triggering sudden cardiac death and should be regarded as an emergency.
  • Nitroglycerin is used to treat vasospastic angina.

Pathological Analysis

  • In females, there is a disconnect observed in pathological analysis, where symptoms do not always correlate with myocardial ischemia.
  • Recent studies have identified a mismatch between symptoms and myocardial ischemia in both males and females with angina and myocardial infarction.

Hemodynamic Significance

  • The hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis depends on the flow rate and perfusion pressure.

Quality of Life

  • Females are more likely to report a decrease in quality of life due to angina.
  • Angina at rest is more common in females.

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Test your knowledge on the three types of Angina - Stable, Unstable, and Variant. Learn about the triggers, symptoms, and treatments associated with each type.

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