Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a primary action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?
What is a primary action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?
- Increase heart rate
- Cause vasodilation (correct)
- Reduce blood calcium levels
- Inhibit myocardial contractility
What is a significant nursing consideration when administering digoxin?
What is a significant nursing consideration when administering digoxin?
- Monitor the patient's weight daily
- Assess the apical pulse for 1 full minute (correct)
- Administer with food to enhance absorption
- Check for signs of dehydration
Which symptom may indicate digoxin toxicity?
Which symptom may indicate digoxin toxicity?
- Increased appetite
- Increased energy levels
- Halos around lights (correct)
- Rapid pulse
Which of the following effects is associated with digoxin?
Which of the following effects is associated with digoxin?
What is one potential side effect of using milrinone in ICU settings?
What is one potential side effect of using milrinone in ICU settings?
What is the therapeutic range for digoxin levels?
What is the therapeutic range for digoxin levels?
Which of the following conditions may precipitate digoxin toxicity?
Which of the following conditions may precipitate digoxin toxicity?
If a patient’s apical pulse is measured at 62 beats/min before administering digoxin, what should the nurse do?
If a patient’s apical pulse is measured at 62 beats/min before administering digoxin, what should the nurse do?
What type of angina is characterized by episodes occurring at rest?
What type of angina is characterized by episodes occurring at rest?
Which mechanism of action is common to nitrates?
Which mechanism of action is common to nitrates?
What is the primary aim of drug therapy for angina?
What is the primary aim of drug therapy for angina?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of nitrates?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of nitrates?
What is a significant risk when combining nitrates with erectile dysfunction medications?
What is a significant risk when combining nitrates with erectile dysfunction medications?
What is a typical contraindication for the use of calcium channel blockers?
What is a typical contraindication for the use of calcium channel blockers?
How do β-blockers primarily help in managing angina?
How do β-blockers primarily help in managing angina?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with long-term nitrate use?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with long-term nitrate use?
Which exercise factor is primarily affected by the action of nitrates?
Which exercise factor is primarily affected by the action of nitrates?
What is a nursing implication when instructing patients on the use of nitrates?
What is a nursing implication when instructing patients on the use of nitrates?
What is indicated if pain is not relieved after taking three sublingual tablets, each taken 5 minutes apart?
What is indicated if pain is not relieved after taking three sublingual tablets, each taken 5 minutes apart?
Which of the following is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?
Which drugs primarily prevent sodium and water resorption in heart failure treatment?
Which drugs primarily prevent sodium and water resorption in heart failure treatment?
What is a potential cause of inadequate contractility in heart failure?
What is a potential cause of inadequate contractility in heart failure?
Which type of drug is likely used alone or in combination for severe stages of heart failure?
Which type of drug is likely used alone or in combination for severe stages of heart failure?
In the context of heart failure, what effect do beta-blockers have on the heart?
In the context of heart failure, what effect do beta-blockers have on the heart?
Which condition is NOT a direct cause of heart failure?
Which condition is NOT a direct cause of heart failure?
What is the primary function of angiotensin II receptor blockers in heart failure treatment?
What is the primary function of angiotensin II receptor blockers in heart failure treatment?
What is the primary purpose of monitoring a patient taking nitroglycerin for adverse reactions?
What is the primary purpose of monitoring a patient taking nitroglycerin for adverse reactions?
What should a patient taking sublingual nitroglycerin do at the first sign of chest pain?
What should a patient taking sublingual nitroglycerin do at the first sign of chest pain?
How should nitroglycerin tablets be stored to maintain their potency?
How should nitroglycerin tablets be stored to maintain their potency?
When using transdermal patches for nitroglycerin, what should be done to reduce tolerance?
When using transdermal patches for nitroglycerin, what should be done to reduce tolerance?
Which of the following actions is inappropriate for a person experiencing chest pain while mowing the lawn?
Which of the following actions is inappropriate for a person experiencing chest pain while mowing the lawn?
A patient should call 911 after taking nitroglycerin if chest pain persists for how long?
A patient should call 911 after taking nitroglycerin if chest pain persists for how long?
Which form of nitroglycerin would be most appropriate for managing extremely high blood pressure in an emergency department?
Which form of nitroglycerin would be most appropriate for managing extremely high blood pressure in an emergency department?
Why is it important for a patient taking nitroglycerin to monitor for adverse reactions like lightheadedness?
Why is it important for a patient taking nitroglycerin to monitor for adverse reactions like lightheadedness?
What is a primary symptom of right-sided heart failure?
What is a primary symptom of right-sided heart failure?
Which drug class inhibits aldosterone secretion to promote diuresis?
Which drug class inhibits aldosterone secretion to promote diuresis?
What is a characteristic of Class IV heart failure?
What is a characteristic of Class IV heart failure?
Which condition is a common cause of inadequate contractility in heart failure?
Which condition is a common cause of inadequate contractility in heart failure?
Which medication acts as a potent vasodilator to decrease afterload?
Which medication acts as a potent vasodilator to decrease afterload?
What is the main action of β-blockers in heart failure management?
What is the main action of β-blockers in heart failure management?
Which of the following describes a potential result of hypervolemia in heart failure?
Which of the following describes a potential result of hypervolemia in heart failure?
Aldosterone antagonists are primarily used in which stage of heart failure?
Aldosterone antagonists are primarily used in which stage of heart failure?
What is the major reason digoxin is no longer used as a first-line treatment?
What is the major reason digoxin is no longer used as a first-line treatment?
Which drug effects are associated with digoxin treatment?
Which drug effects are associated with digoxin treatment?
What is the primary action that should be taken when a patient experiences chest pain while physically active?
What is the primary action that should be taken when a patient experiences chest pain while physically active?
Identifying potential digoxin toxicity, which is the most concerning serum potassium level?
Identifying potential digoxin toxicity, which is the most concerning serum potassium level?
In what scenario would the nurse hold the digoxin dose?
In what scenario would the nurse hold the digoxin dose?
What is a key consideration when storing sublingual nitroglycerin to maintain its effectiveness?
What is a key consideration when storing sublingual nitroglycerin to maintain its effectiveness?
What is the duration of action that indicates the need to call 911 after taking sublingual nitroglycerin?
What is the duration of action that indicates the need to call 911 after taking sublingual nitroglycerin?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with digoxin?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with digoxin?
What is a significant consideration regarding digoxin administration?
What is a significant consideration regarding digoxin administration?
Which of the following adverse reactions should patients taking nitroglycerin be monitored for?
Which of the following adverse reactions should patients taking nitroglycerin be monitored for?
Why is it necessary to rotate transdermal patch sites when using nitroglycerin?
Why is it necessary to rotate transdermal patch sites when using nitroglycerin?
Which symptom would most likely indicate adverse effects of digoxin?
Which symptom would most likely indicate adverse effects of digoxin?
Which condition must be avoided when using nitroglycerin to prevent complications during therapy?
Which condition must be avoided when using nitroglycerin to prevent complications during therapy?
What is the main action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?
What is the main action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?
When is it appropriate for a patient to take a second sublingual nitroglycerin tablet?
When is it appropriate for a patient to take a second sublingual nitroglycerin tablet?
What should be monitored closely when administering intravenous nitroglycerin?
What should be monitored closely when administering intravenous nitroglycerin?
Which type of angina is characterized by episodes triggered by specific stressors?
Which type of angina is characterized by episodes triggered by specific stressors?
What is a primary mechanism of action for beta-blockers in the treatment of angina?
What is a primary mechanism of action for beta-blockers in the treatment of angina?
What common side effect may occur from the use of nitrates?
What common side effect may occur from the use of nitrates?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using calcium channel blockers?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using calcium channel blockers?
How do calcium channel blockers help in the management of stable angina?
How do calcium channel blockers help in the management of stable angina?
What should be done to prevent tolerance in patients using long-acting nitrates?
What should be done to prevent tolerance in patients using long-acting nitrates?
Which of the following outcomes is NOT an objective of drug therapy for angina?
Which of the following outcomes is NOT an objective of drug therapy for angina?
What is a potential serious adverse effect of using nitrates in combination with erectile dysfunction medications?
What is a potential serious adverse effect of using nitrates in combination with erectile dysfunction medications?
Which form of nitroglycerin is typically used for immediate relief of anginal pain?
Which form of nitroglycerin is typically used for immediate relief of anginal pain?
What effect do beta-blockers have on patients post-myocardial infarction?
What effect do beta-blockers have on patients post-myocardial infarction?
What is the primary role of the fibrinolytic system?
What is the primary role of the fibrinolytic system?
Which statement accurately describes anticoagulants?
Which statement accurately describes anticoagulants?
How does plasminogen contribute to thrombosis management?
How does plasminogen contribute to thrombosis management?
What is an important consideration when administering heparin?
What is an important consideration when administering heparin?
What is the mechanism of action of thrombolytic drugs?
What is the mechanism of action of thrombolytic drugs?
How long may it take for the liver to resynthesize enough clotting factors to reverse the effects of warfarin?
How long may it take for the liver to resynthesize enough clotting factors to reverse the effects of warfarin?
What is the main purpose of administering heparin while a patient is also on warfarin therapy?
What is the main purpose of administering heparin while a patient is also on warfarin therapy?
Which herbal products are commonly cited for their potential interaction with warfarin?
Which herbal products are commonly cited for their potential interaction with warfarin?
What role does vitamin K1 play in relation to warfarin therapy?
What role does vitamin K1 play in relation to warfarin therapy?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of thrombolytic drugs?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of thrombolytic drugs?
Which class of antidysrhythmic drugs primarily blocks sodium channels and delays repolarization?
Which class of antidysrhythmic drugs primarily blocks sodium channels and delays repolarization?
Which type of dysrhythmia is characterized by an irregular heartbeat due to issues above the AV node?
Which type of dysrhythmia is characterized by an irregular heartbeat due to issues above the AV node?
What is the first step in the conduction pathway of the heart?
What is the first step in the conduction pathway of the heart?
In which condition would the use of lidocaine be suitable as a treatment option?
In which condition would the use of lidocaine be suitable as a treatment option?
Which component of the electrocardiogram represents ventricular repolarization?
Which component of the electrocardiogram represents ventricular repolarization?
What is an effect of increased action potential duration (APD) in cardiac cells?
What is an effect of increased action potential duration (APD) in cardiac cells?
Which of the following ions predominantly contribute to the resting negative charge inside a cardiac cell?
Which of the following ions predominantly contribute to the resting negative charge inside a cardiac cell?
What is a significant risk associated with atrial fibrillation?
What is a significant risk associated with atrial fibrillation?
What is the primary benefit of statins in treating hypercholesterolemia?
What is the primary benefit of statins in treating hypercholesterolemia?
Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with the use of statins?
Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with the use of statins?
What class of medication is considered first-line therapy for hypercholesterolemia?
What class of medication is considered first-line therapy for hypercholesterolemia?
Prior to starting statin therapy, it is essential to assess which of the following?
Prior to starting statin therapy, it is essential to assess which of the following?
Which of the following lifestyle changes can help with primary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Which of the following lifestyle changes can help with primary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD)?
The Framingham Risk Score is used for what purpose?
The Framingham Risk Score is used for what purpose?
What characteristic is common among the four classes of antilipemic drugs?
What characteristic is common among the four classes of antilipemic drugs?
Which outcome is a direct consequence of reduced oxygen and nutrient supply to the heart due to restricted blood flow?
Which outcome is a direct consequence of reduced oxygen and nutrient supply to the heart due to restricted blood flow?
What is a primary mechanism of action for niacin in lipid management?
What is a primary mechanism of action for niacin in lipid management?
Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for the use of fibric acid derivatives?
Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for the use of fibric acid derivatives?
What effect does ezetimibe have on lipid profiles?
What effect does ezetimibe have on lipid profiles?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with niacin therapy?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with niacin therapy?
Which laboratory test result is expected to decrease when taking fibric acid derivatives?
Which laboratory test result is expected to decrease when taking fibric acid derivatives?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of fibric acid derivatives?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of fibric acid derivatives?
What is a potential effect of taking small doses of aspirin or NSAIDs before starting niacin?
What is a potential effect of taking small doses of aspirin or NSAIDs before starting niacin?
Which of the following lipid management drugs can be used as a monotherapy?
Which of the following lipid management drugs can be used as a monotherapy?
What is the primary reason for instructing a patient to take a statin medication at night?
What is the primary reason for instructing a patient to take a statin medication at night?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of bile acid sequestrants?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of bile acid sequestrants?
Which vitamin levels may be affected by high doses of bile acid sequestrants?
Which vitamin levels may be affected by high doses of bile acid sequestrants?
What should patients taking bile acid sequestrants do to prevent drug interactions?
What should patients taking bile acid sequestrants do to prevent drug interactions?
What is a potential indicator of toxicity that a patient should report when taking statins?
What is a potential indicator of toxicity that a patient should report when taking statins?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of niacin for lipid-lowering?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of niacin for lipid-lowering?
Which class of drugs should be avoided with statins due to potential interactions?
Which class of drugs should be avoided with statins due to potential interactions?
What could be a consequence of an overdose of bile acid sequestrants?
What could be a consequence of an overdose of bile acid sequestrants?
What is the role of plasmin in the fibrinolytic system?
What is the role of plasmin in the fibrinolytic system?
Which type of drug inhibits platelet aggregation to prevent the formation of platelet plugs?
Which type of drug inhibits platelet aggregation to prevent the formation of platelet plugs?
What is a significant characteristic of anticoagulants?
What is a significant characteristic of anticoagulants?
What is the mechanism of action of heparin in anticoagulation?
What is the mechanism of action of heparin in anticoagulation?
What is the primary indication for the use of anticoagulants?
What is the primary indication for the use of anticoagulants?
Which of the following statements about statins is true?
Which of the following statements about statins is true?
What role do antilipemic drugs play in managing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What role do antilipemic drugs play in managing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Which of the following is a risk associated with statin use?
Which of the following is a risk associated with statin use?
What is the main goal of primary prevention in coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What is the main goal of primary prevention in coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What is a common dietary recommendation for reducing the risk of CAD?
What is a common dietary recommendation for reducing the risk of CAD?
Which class of medication is primarily considered first-line therapy for hypercholesterolemia?
Which class of medication is primarily considered first-line therapy for hypercholesterolemia?
Which lipid-lowering drug is primarily indicated for types IIa, IIb, III, IV, and V dyslipidemia?
Which lipid-lowering drug is primarily indicated for types IIa, IIb, III, IV, and V dyslipidemia?
Which of the following interventions is NOT typically part of secondary prevention in CAD?
Which of the following interventions is NOT typically part of secondary prevention in CAD?
Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of action of statins?
Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of action of statins?
What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of fibric acid derivatives?
What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of fibric acid derivatives?
How do fibric acid derivatives primarily lower cholesterol levels?
How do fibric acid derivatives primarily lower cholesterol levels?
What mechanism does Ezetimibe employ to manage cholesterol levels?
What mechanism does Ezetimibe employ to manage cholesterol levels?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for the use of fibric acid derivatives?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for the use of fibric acid derivatives?
What is a potential side effect of taking niacin that results from histamine release?
What is a potential side effect of taking niacin that results from histamine release?
Which laboratory test reaction is commonly associated with fibric acid derivatives?
Which laboratory test reaction is commonly associated with fibric acid derivatives?
What should patients on long-term therapy with lipid-lowering agents consider supplementing?
What should patients on long-term therapy with lipid-lowering agents consider supplementing?
What is one of the primary effects of Class Ia antidysrhythmic drugs like procainamide?
What is one of the primary effects of Class Ia antidysrhythmic drugs like procainamide?
Which common dysrhythmia is categorized as supraventricular?
Which common dysrhythmia is categorized as supraventricular?
What does the Vaughan Williams classification system primarily classify?
What does the Vaughan Williams classification system primarily classify?
What is a notable action of Class Ib antidysrhythmic drugs like lidocaine?
What is a notable action of Class Ib antidysrhythmic drugs like lidocaine?
Which ion's uneven distribution is key to generating an electrical impulse in cardiac cells?
Which ion's uneven distribution is key to generating an electrical impulse in cardiac cells?
What is the main consequence of ion movement across the cardiac cell membrane?
What is the main consequence of ion movement across the cardiac cell membrane?
What does a change in the distribution of ions in a resting cardiac cell lead to?
What does a change in the distribution of ions in a resting cardiac cell lead to?
Which part of the ECG wave represents ventricular depolarization?
Which part of the ECG wave represents ventricular depolarization?
What is a major concern for a patient taking anticoagulants who experiences a head injury?
What is a major concern for a patient taking anticoagulants who experiences a head injury?
Which drug class is primarily used to prevent excessive bleeding in patients with conditions like hemophilia?
Which drug class is primarily used to prevent excessive bleeding in patients with conditions like hemophilia?
What might be a consequence of excessive cholesterol in the bloodstream?
What might be a consequence of excessive cholesterol in the bloodstream?
What is the primary role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in cholesterol transport?
What is the primary role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in cholesterol transport?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of thrombolytic drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of thrombolytic drugs?
What essential function does the liver serve in cholesterol homeostasis?
What essential function does the liver serve in cholesterol homeostasis?
In patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, what is a common risk associated with warfarin therapy?
In patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, what is a common risk associated with warfarin therapy?
Which of the following effects is a potential outcome of using thrombolytic drugs?
Which of the following effects is a potential outcome of using thrombolytic drugs?
What is a significant advantage of Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) compared to unfractionated heparin?
What is a significant advantage of Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) compared to unfractionated heparin?
Which of the following statements regarding Warfarin therapy is true?
Which of the following statements regarding Warfarin therapy is true?
In which condition is the use of anticoagulants particularly beneficial?
In which condition is the use of anticoagulants particularly beneficial?
What is a potential adverse effect associated with Heparin therapy?
What is a potential adverse effect associated with Heparin therapy?
When administering Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH), which of the following nursing implications is critical?
When administering Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH), which of the following nursing implications is critical?
Which observation would most likely indicate toxic effects of Heparin?
Which observation would most likely indicate toxic effects of Heparin?
Which of the following indicates an appropriate therapeutic INR range for a patient on Warfarin?
Which of the following indicates an appropriate therapeutic INR range for a patient on Warfarin?
What is the main reason Warfarin is contraindicated during pregnancy?
What is the main reason Warfarin is contraindicated during pregnancy?
What is the primary effect of nasal steroids in managing inflammation?
What is the primary effect of nasal steroids in managing inflammation?
Which condition is a common reason for using nasal decongestants?
Which condition is a common reason for using nasal decongestants?
Which of the following is a contraindication for nasal decongestant use?
Which of the following is a contraindication for nasal decongestant use?
What is a common adverse effect of adrenergic nasal decongestants?
What is a common adverse effect of adrenergic nasal decongestants?
What nursing implication should be communicated to patients using nasal decongestants?
What nursing implication should be communicated to patients using nasal decongestants?
What distinguishes traditional antihistamines from nonsedating peripherally acting antihistamines?
What distinguishes traditional antihistamines from nonsedating peripherally acting antihistamines?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of antihistamines that patients should report?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of antihistamines that patients should report?
What is a key characteristic of oral decongestants compared to topical nasal decongestants?
What is a key characteristic of oral decongestants compared to topical nasal decongestants?
What potential issue can arise from the sustained use of topical nasal decongestants?
What potential issue can arise from the sustained use of topical nasal decongestants?
Which of the following antihistamines is classified as nonsedating and peripherally acting?
Which of the following antihistamines is classified as nonsedating and peripherally acting?
What is a recommended nursing implication for patients taking antihistamines?
What is a recommended nursing implication for patients taking antihistamines?
What is a primary characteristic of Salmeterol (Serevent®)?
What is a primary characteristic of Salmeterol (Serevent®)?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of anticholinergics?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of anticholinergics?
Which type of decongestant is less commonly used due to its specific action on the body?
Which type of decongestant is less commonly used due to its specific action on the body?
What is a primary mechanism of action for adrenergic decongestants?
What is a primary mechanism of action for adrenergic decongestants?
What is the mechanism of action of xanthine derivatives?
What is the mechanism of action of xanthine derivatives?
What is NOT an indication for the use of anticholinergics?
What is NOT an indication for the use of anticholinergics?
What should be closely monitored when using Salbutamol (Ventolin®)?
What should be closely monitored when using Salbutamol (Ventolin®)?
What is a characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
What is a characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Which class of drugs is used to relieve bronchospasms associated with asthma?
Which class of drugs is used to relieve bronchospasms associated with asthma?
What is a potential side effect of using β-adrenergic agonists?
What is a potential side effect of using β-adrenergic agonists?
Which inhaler would be appropriate as a rescue treatment for moderate to severe asthma symptoms?
Which inhaler would be appropriate as a rescue treatment for moderate to severe asthma symptoms?
What is an important nursing consideration when administering short-acting β-agonists?
What is an important nursing consideration when administering short-acting β-agonists?
Which group of patients should use caution when administering β-adrenergic agonists?
Which group of patients should use caution when administering β-adrenergic agonists?
For which condition are leukotriene receptor antagonists primarily indicated?
For which condition are leukotriene receptor antagonists primarily indicated?
What effect can β-agonists have on blood glucose levels?
What effect can β-agonists have on blood glucose levels?
What is the primary therapeutic effect of aminophylline as a xanthine derivative?
What is the primary therapeutic effect of aminophylline as a xanthine derivative?
Which condition is a contraindication for the use of xanthine derivatives?
Which condition is a contraindication for the use of xanthine derivatives?
What is a common use of caffeine as a xanthine derivative?
What is a common use of caffeine as a xanthine derivative?
What is the therapeutic blood level range for theophylline, a widely used xanthine derivative?
What is the therapeutic blood level range for theophylline, a widely used xanthine derivative?
What mechanism do leukotriene receptor antagonists use to help reduce asthma symptoms?
What mechanism do leukotriene receptor antagonists use to help reduce asthma symptoms?
Which of the following is NOT an indication for the use of aminophylline?
Which of the following is NOT an indication for the use of aminophylline?
What is one of the adverse effects associated with the use of xanthine derivatives?
What is one of the adverse effects associated with the use of xanthine derivatives?
Caffeine acts as which type of stimulant in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs)?
Caffeine acts as which type of stimulant in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs)?
What increase in serum glucose levels may necessitate adjustments in dosage of antidiabetic drugs?
What increase in serum glucose levels may necessitate adjustments in dosage of antidiabetic drugs?
Which medication is appropriate for acute asthma management?
Which medication is appropriate for acute asthma management?
What is a significant risk when using salbutamol (Ventolin®) too frequently?
What is a significant risk when using salbutamol (Ventolin®) too frequently?
What condition should be avoided to minimize the risk of bronchospasm?
What condition should be avoided to minimize the risk of bronchospasm?
What should be avoided when taking xanthine derivatives due to drug interaction risks?
What should be avoided when taking xanthine derivatives due to drug interaction risks?
Under what condition should timed-release preparations of xanthines NOT be altered?
Under what condition should timed-release preparations of xanthines NOT be altered?
What is the primary use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in asthma treatment?
What is the primary use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in asthma treatment?
What symptom should patients be instructed to report when taking beta-adrenergic agonists like salbutamol?
What symptom should patients be instructed to report when taking beta-adrenergic agonists like salbutamol?
What is one of the adverse effects of opioid misuse related to the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is one of the adverse effects of opioid misuse related to the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which substance is NOT classified as an opioid?
Which substance is NOT classified as an opioid?
During opioid withdrawal, which symptom is likely to occur?
During opioid withdrawal, which symptom is likely to occur?
What is one intended effect of opioids?
What is one intended effect of opioids?
Which route of administration is NOT commonly associated with heroin use?
Which route of administration is NOT commonly associated with heroin use?
What is a common duration for opioid withdrawal symptoms to last?
What is a common duration for opioid withdrawal symptoms to last?
Which of the following substances is classified as a stimulant?
Which of the following substances is classified as a stimulant?
What is a key method of treating opioid withdrawal?
What is a key method of treating opioid withdrawal?
What is one possible symptom of nicotine withdrawal?
What is one possible symptom of nicotine withdrawal?
Which treatment option provides nicotine without the carcinogens found in tobacco?
Which treatment option provides nicotine without the carcinogens found in tobacco?
Which of the following is NOT an assessment tool for substance misuse?
Which of the following is NOT an assessment tool for substance misuse?
What is a significant nursing implication during a patient's withdrawal process?
What is a significant nursing implication during a patient's withdrawal process?
What medication is the first nicotine-free prescription treatment for nicotine dependence?
What medication is the first nicotine-free prescription treatment for nicotine dependence?
Which of the following represents a potential red flag for drug diversion?
Which of the following represents a potential red flag for drug diversion?
What type of conversations should be held during investigations of drug diversion?
What type of conversations should be held during investigations of drug diversion?
Which statement regarding recovery from substance use is accurate?
Which statement regarding recovery from substance use is accurate?
Which of the following is a common effect of stimulant drugs?
Which of the following is a common effect of stimulant drugs?
Which substance is also known as 'ice' or 'crystal'?
Which substance is also known as 'ice' or 'crystal'?
What is a significant sign of stimulant withdrawal?
What is a significant sign of stimulant withdrawal?
What class of drugs includes benzodiazepines and barbiturates?
What class of drugs includes benzodiazepines and barbiturates?
Which of the following is an effect of cocaine when used?
Which of the following is an effect of cocaine when used?
What is a potential consequence of stimulant overdose?
What is a potential consequence of stimulant overdose?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with depressant withdrawal?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with depressant withdrawal?
Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with depressants?
Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with depressants?
What is one of the primary uses for naltrexone hydrochloride?
What is one of the primary uses for naltrexone hydrochloride?
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine is commonly known as which of the following?
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine is commonly known as which of the following?
What effect does chronic ethanol ingestion have on nutritional status?
What effect does chronic ethanol ingestion have on nutritional status?
What is characterized by craniofacial abnormalities and CNS dysfunction in infants?
What is characterized by craniofacial abnormalities and CNS dysfunction in infants?
Which of the following is a common sign of ethanol withdrawal?
Which of the following is a common sign of ethanol withdrawal?
What is the primary treatment for severe ethanol withdrawal?
What is the primary treatment for severe ethanol withdrawal?
Which of the following effects is NOT associated with ethanol consumption?
Which of the following effects is NOT associated with ethanol consumption?
What is the expected finding in a patient experiencing delirium tremens?
What is the expected finding in a patient experiencing delirium tremens?
Chronic ethanol ingestion can lead to which of the following health issues?
Chronic ethanol ingestion can lead to which of the following health issues?
What is a common withdrawal symptom of nicotine?
What is a common withdrawal symptom of nicotine?
What is a common symptom of opioid drug withdrawal?
What is a common symptom of opioid drug withdrawal?
Which of the following substances is classified as an opioid?
Which of the following substances is classified as an opioid?
What is typically included in the adverse effects of opioids?
What is typically included in the adverse effects of opioids?
What is a primary intended effect of opioids?
What is a primary intended effect of opioids?
Which of the following is NOT a psychological effect associated with opioid misuse?
Which of the following is NOT a psychological effect associated with opioid misuse?
What is the peak withdrawal period for opioids?
What is the peak withdrawal period for opioids?
What is one of the common means of using heroin?
What is one of the common means of using heroin?
What is the primary treatment approach during opioid withdrawal?
What is the primary treatment approach during opioid withdrawal?
Which of the following is a common effect of chronic ethanol ingestion?
Which of the following is a common effect of chronic ethanol ingestion?
What is a potential effect of ethanol withdrawal?
What is a potential effect of ethanol withdrawal?
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is characterized by which of the following?
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is characterized by which of the following?
What symptom is commonly associated with nicotine withdrawal?
What symptom is commonly associated with nicotine withdrawal?
Which treatment is considered the first line for alcohol withdrawal?
Which treatment is considered the first line for alcohol withdrawal?
Which of the following treatments provides nicotine without the carcinogens found in tobacco?
Which of the following treatments provides nicotine without the carcinogens found in tobacco?
What is the role of bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban®) in smoking cessation?
What is the role of bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban®) in smoking cessation?
What vitamin deficiency is frequently associated with chronic alcohol consumption?
What vitamin deficiency is frequently associated with chronic alcohol consumption?
How does nicotine primarily affect the autonomic nervous system?
How does nicotine primarily affect the autonomic nervous system?
Which assessment tool is specifically designed to screen for alcoholism adapted to include other drugs?
Which assessment tool is specifically designed to screen for alcoholism adapted to include other drugs?
What is a critical nursing implication during patient care for someone experiencing withdrawal symptoms?
What is a critical nursing implication during patient care for someone experiencing withdrawal symptoms?
Which symptom is least expected in a patient experiencing severe withdrawal from ethanol?
Which symptom is least expected in a patient experiencing severe withdrawal from ethanol?
What physiological effect does ethanol have on the cardiovascular system?
What physiological effect does ethanol have on the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following substances poses the highest risk in terms of dangerous withdrawal symptoms?
Which of the following substances poses the highest risk in terms of dangerous withdrawal symptoms?
What aspect of recovery does the Nurses’ Health Program (NHP) emphasize for healthcare professionals?
What aspect of recovery does the Nurses’ Health Program (NHP) emphasize for healthcare professionals?
What is a common red flag associated with drug diversion in healthcare settings?
What is a common red flag associated with drug diversion in healthcare settings?
Which stimulant is known for its stronger effects compared to other amphetamines?
Which stimulant is known for its stronger effects compared to other amphetamines?
What is a common form in which cocaine is consumed?
What is a common form in which cocaine is consumed?
What is the primary therapeutic use of benzodiazepines?
What is the primary therapeutic use of benzodiazepines?
Which symptom is commonly associated with stimulant withdrawal?
Which symptom is commonly associated with stimulant withdrawal?
Which is a common route of administration for methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)?
Which is a common route of administration for methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)?
What type of adverse effect might a user experience from using amphetamines?
What type of adverse effect might a user experience from using amphetamines?
Which of the following is described as a fatal possible consequence of stimulant overdose?
Which of the following is described as a fatal possible consequence of stimulant overdose?
Marihuana is primarily known for which of the following effects?
Marihuana is primarily known for which of the following effects?
What is a major risk associated with discontinuing use of depressants rapidly?
What is a major risk associated with discontinuing use of depressants rapidly?
Which withdrawal symptom is linked to depressant use?
Which withdrawal symptom is linked to depressant use?
Flashcards
Left-sided heart failure symptom
Left-sided heart failure symptom
Symptoms like pulmonary edema, coughing, shortness of breath, and dyspnea.
Right-sided heart failure symptom
Right-sided heart failure symptom
Symptoms like systemic venous congestion, pedal edema, jugular vein distention, and ascites.
ACE inhibitors' mechanism
ACE inhibitors' mechanism
Prevent sodium and water retention by inhibiting aldosterone secretion, reducing preload, and lessening the heart's workload.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) effect
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) effect
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β-blockers' heart effect
β-blockers' heart effect
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Heart failure class I
Heart failure class I
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Heart failure class IV
Heart failure class IV
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Positive inotropic drugs purpose
Positive inotropic drugs purpose
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Chronic Stable Angina
Chronic Stable Angina
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Unstable Angina
Unstable Angina
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Vasospastic Angina
Vasospastic Angina
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Nitrates MOA
Nitrates MOA
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Nitroglycerin IV use
Nitroglycerin IV use
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Nitrate Tolerance
Nitrate Tolerance
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Beta-Blockers MOA
Beta-Blockers MOA
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Beta-Blocker Effectiveness
Beta-Blocker Effectiveness
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CCB MOA
CCB MOA
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CCB Adverse Effects
CCB Adverse Effects
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Nitroglycerin Sublingual Administration
Nitroglycerin Sublingual Administration
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Nitroglycerin Storage
Nitroglycerin Storage
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Beta-blocker benefit in MI
Beta-blocker benefit in MI
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Angina Action
Angina Action
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Nitroglycerin High Blood Pressure Treatment
Nitroglycerin High Blood Pressure Treatment
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Angina pain and calling 911
Angina pain and calling 911
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Adverse reactions to Nitroglycerin
Adverse reactions to Nitroglycerin
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Lawn Mower Chest Pain Action
Lawn Mower Chest Pain Action
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Digoxin MOA
Digoxin MOA
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Digoxin Effects
Digoxin Effects
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Digoxin Toxicity Levels
Digoxin Toxicity Levels
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Digoxin & Hypokalemia
Digoxin & Hypokalemia
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Digoxin Nursing Considerations
Digoxin Nursing Considerations
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Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
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Most concerning assessment finding in digoxin patient
Most concerning assessment finding in digoxin patient
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Angina
Angina
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Nitroglycerin Sublingual
Nitroglycerin Sublingual
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Nitroglycerin Effects
Nitroglycerin Effects
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Nitroglycerin & High Blood Pressure
Nitroglycerin & High Blood Pressure
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Nitroglycerin Precautions
Nitroglycerin Precautions
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Nitroglycerin Patch
Nitroglycerin Patch
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Angina Types
Angina Types
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Calcium Channel Blockers MOA
Calcium Channel Blockers MOA
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Angina Treatment Goals
Angina Treatment Goals
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Nitrates: Contraindications
Nitrates: Contraindications
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Beta-Blockers: Contraindications
Beta-Blockers: Contraindications
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CCBs: Contraindications
CCBs: Contraindications
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Angina Nursing Implications
Angina Nursing Implications
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What are the first-line drugs for heart failure?
What are the first-line drugs for heart failure?
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What do positive inotropic drugs do?
What do positive inotropic drugs do?
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What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on preload?
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What is the role of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?
What is the role of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?
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How do β-blockers affect the heart?
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What is the action of aldosterone antagonists in heart failure?
What is the action of aldosterone antagonists in heart failure?
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What are the classifications of heart failure?
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What are the major symptoms of left-sided heart failure?
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Milrinone
Milrinone
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Cardiac Glycosides
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Digoxin's Positive Inotropic Effect
Digoxin's Positive Inotropic Effect
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Digoxin's Negative Chronotropic Effect
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Digoxin's Negative Dromotropic Effect
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Digoxin Toxicity
Digoxin Toxicity
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Hypokalemia and Digoxin
Hypokalemia and Digoxin
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Dysrhythmia
Dysrhythmia
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Coagulation
Coagulation
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Anti-lipemics
Anti-lipemics
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Ejection Fraction
Ejection Fraction
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Hemostasis
Hemostasis
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What are the 4 main classes of antidysrhythmic drugs?
What are the 4 main classes of antidysrhythmic drugs?
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What are Vaughan Williams Classifications?
What are Vaughan Williams Classifications?
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What does a Class Ia antidysrhythmic drug do?
What does a Class Ia antidysrhythmic drug do?
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Fibrinolytic System
Fibrinolytic System
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Plasminogen
Plasminogen
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Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants
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Heparin
Heparin
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aPTT
aPTT
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Warfarin's effect on clotting
Warfarin's effect on clotting
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Heparin & Warfarin together
Heparin & Warfarin together
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Aspirin's effect on platelets
Aspirin's effect on platelets
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Thrombolytic drugs' action
Thrombolytic drugs' action
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Vitamin K1 and warfarin
Vitamin K1 and warfarin
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Cholesterol & Coronary Heart Disease
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Primary Prevention of CAD
Primary Prevention of CAD
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Secondary Prevention of CAD
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Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors)
Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors)
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Statins: Mechanism of Action
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Statins: Adverse Effects
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Rhabdomyolysis
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Four Classes of Antilipemics
Four Classes of Antilipemics
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Statin Timing
Statin Timing
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Bile Acid Sequestrants MOA
Bile Acid Sequestrants MOA
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Bile Acid Sequestrants Adverse Effects
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Bile Acid Sequestrant Drug Interactions
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Niacin (Niaspan®)
Niacin (Niaspan®)
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Statin Toxicity Signs
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Overdose of Bile Acid Sequestrants
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Bile Acid Sequestrants & Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Niacin's Effect on Lipids
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Niacin's Side Effects
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Fibric Acid Derivatives (Fibrates)
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Fibrates & Anticoagulants
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Ezetimibe (Ezetrol) MOA
Ezetimibe (Ezetrol) MOA
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Anti-lipemics: Nursing Implications
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Niacin: Administration Tip
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Antidysrhythmic Drugs
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Vaughan Williams Classification
Vaughan Williams Classification
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Class Ia Antidysrhythmic Drugs
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Heparin's Action
Heparin's Action
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Thrombolytic Drugs
Thrombolytic Drugs
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Thrombolytic Drugs: AEs
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Antifibrinolytic Drugs
Antifibrinolytic Drugs
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Antifibrinolytic Drugs: Use
Antifibrinolytic Drugs: Use
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Recombinant Factors
Recombinant Factors
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Lipids in Blood
Lipids in Blood
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Liver's Role in Lipids
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Cholesterol Homeostasis
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What is the primary goal of antilipemic drugs?
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What are bile acid sequestrants?
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Why is niacin (vitamin B3) used for lipid control?
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What are fibrates, and how do they impact lipid levels?
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How does ezetimibe (Ezetrol®) work?
How does ezetimibe (Ezetrol®) work?
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Why is it important to take statins at bedtime?
Why is it important to take statins at bedtime?
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Low Molecular Weight Heparin
Low Molecular Weight Heparin
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Warfarin (Coumadin)
Warfarin (Coumadin)
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INR: Therapeutic Range
INR: Therapeutic Range
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Heparin: Toxic Effects
Heparin: Toxic Effects
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Protamine Sulfate
Protamine Sulfate
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Heparin: Nursing Implications
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LMWH & Epidural
LMWH & Epidural
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What are fibric acid derivatives?
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What are the common contraindications for fibric acid derivatives?
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Name some common adverse effects of fibric acid derivatives?
Name some common adverse effects of fibric acid derivatives?
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How do fibric acid derivatives interact with other medications?
How do fibric acid derivatives interact with other medications?
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What is the mechanism of action for ezetimibe?
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Nasal Steroids: Effect
Nasal Steroids: Effect
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Study Notes
Angina and Heart Failure
- Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
- Heart failure, a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, has several classifications (I-IV) based on the extent of activity limitation.
- Different types (chronic stable, triggered by stressor, unstable/pre-infarction, vasospastic) and related therapies distinguish angina cases.
- Drugs for angina include nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Each class has a specific mechanism of action, for instance, Nitrates cause coronary vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscles. Nitrates come in sublingual, chewable, oral, IV, transdermal, and patch forms, bypassing the liver.
- Nitroglycerin (IV forms) is used to control blood pressure during procedures, treat heart failure, ischemic pain, and sudden heart attacks related to acute myocardial infarction (MI). Adverse effects include headaches, reflex tachycardia, postural hypotension, and tolerance. Tolerance can be managed by appropriate nitrate-free periods. Other adverse effects might include irritation to skin from patches.
- Notable contraindications to nitrates include known drug allergies, severe anemia, closed-angle glaucoma, hypotension, severe head injury, and concurrent use with erectile dysfunction medications (Viagra®, Cialis®, Levitra®).
- The most effective angina medications depend on the type and severity of the angina. Beta-blockers can reduce heart rate, thus lowering myocardial oxygen demand and preventing complications after a heart attack; useful for exertional angina.
- Calcium channel blockers also work by causing coronary vasodilation, reducing workload on the heart and reducing oxygen demand.
- Nursing implications for angina include: monitoring heart rate, blood pressure, medication types and doses, and encouraging patients to avoid substances that can trigger angina episodes (e.g. excessive strain, hot tubs, alcohol, caffeine). Clients must be instructed on proper form for administering SL medications and warned of adverse effects, including potential skin irritation..
- Important considerations for nitroglycerin include administration form (SL, IV), frequency, storage, and avoidance of interactions. Patients should be instructed to not chew or swallow sublingual forms. Avoid using topical forms during the day to minimize tolerance.
- Different angina types (Chronic stable, Triggered by a stressor, Unstable/pre-infarction, Vasospastic) have their own distinct drug therapies.
Heart Failure Drug Therapy
- First-line treatments for heart failure typically involve ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, and diuretics.
- These often improve outcomes through reducing preload and afterload and improving heart function. They are often used in combination with each other.
- Positive inotropic medications (such as cardiac glycosides and phosphodiesterase inhibitors) are used only when other measures don't suffice. They strengthen the heart's contractions.
- ACE inhibitors reduce sodium and water retention, thus decreasing workload on the heart. An example is Lisinopril.
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers are potent vasodilators that reduce systemic vascular resistance, aiding in managing hypertension and heart failure. Valsartan is an example.
- Beta-blockers can reduce sympathetic nervous system overstimulation, enhancing heart function. Metoprolol is an example.
- Diuretics help remove excess fluid from the body.
- Cardiac glycosides (Digoxin), while potentially effective in some cases, are now less frequently used as first-line therapy as they have significant adverse effects and a very narrow therapeutic range. Careful monitoring and careful titration are vital.
- Nursing implications for heart failure medication management include careful monitoring of vital signs, medication dosages, electrolyte levels such as potassium, and patient education on adverse effects and lifestyle changes (e.g., sodium restriction, fluid intake).
Heart Failure Classifications
- Classifications describe levels of functional ability and limitations that may accompany heart failure. The scale (I-IV) is a useful tool to assess treatment efficacy; higher classes indicate more severe dysfunction and more complex treatment needs.
Glossary
- Angina: Chest pain due to reduced coronary blood flow.
- Ischemia: Lack of blood supply to a tissue.
- Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque in artery walls.
- Negative inotropic effect: Reduced force of heart contractions.
- Negative chronotropic effect: Reduced heart rate.
- Dysrhythmia: Irregular heart beat patterns.
- Heart failure: Inability of the heart to pump efficiently.
- Ejection fraction: Percentage of blood pumped out with each beat.
- Hemostasis: Process of stopping blood flow.
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Explore the critical concepts surrounding angina and heart failure in this quiz. Understand the different classifications of heart failure, types of angina, and the specific therapies used for treatment. Test your knowledge on drug mechanisms and the management of these cardiovascular conditions.
