Introduction to Anesthetics and Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary advantage of using nitrous oxide in general anesthesia?

  • It accelerates the absorption and distribution of other anesthetics. (correct)
  • It serves as a sole anesthetic agent.
  • It guarantees a faster recovery time post-anesthesia.
  • It provides analgesia without affecting blood pressure.

Which injectable anesthetic agent is most commonly used and is known for its potential to cause injection site pain?

  • Thiopental
  • Propofol (correct)
  • Ketamine
  • Etomidate

Which of the following statements correctly describes the pharmacokinetics of general anesthetics?

  • Nitrous oxide has no effect on the absorption of other volatile anesthetics.
  • Inhalational anesthetics are primarily eliminated via renal excretion.
  • All general anesthetics have a three-compartment model of action.
  • Induction with intravenous anesthetics is typically faster than inhalation anesthetics. (correct)

What is a significant consideration in the selection of intravenous anesthetics like Thiopental for long procedures?

<p>It has a high potential for cumulative effects and residual sedation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is known for providing beneficial myocardial synergy when used in anesthesia?

<p>Sevoflurane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anesthetic agent is classified as a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker?

<p>Rocuronium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of action do benzodiazepines utilize?

<p>Enhancing GABA activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT indicated for general anesthesia?

<p>Dexmedetomidine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes inhaled anesthetics from intravenous anesthetics?

<p>Inhaled anesthetics are typically volatile agents while intravenous anesthetics are often non-volatile. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which inhaled anesthetic is known for its rapid onset and recovery time?

<p>Nitrous Oxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT considered in the selection of an anesthetic?

<p>Patient's favorite type of anesthesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intravenous anesthetic is primarily used for induction of general anesthesia?

<p>Propofol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a consideration when selecting an anesthetic agent?

<p>Anesthetic's color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anesthetic is known for its rapid recovery profile?

<p>Propofol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which local anesthetic is an aminoamide?

<p>Bupivacaine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action for general anesthetics?

<p>Enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for using dexmedetomidine in anesthesia practices?

<p>It has sedative properties while allowing for spontaneous respiration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using dexmedetomidine in a clinical setting?

<p>Sedation and analgesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inhaled anesthetics is NOT registered with the Philippine FDA?

<p>Halothane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for monitored anesthesia care?

<p>To maintain consciousness during minor surgical procedures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is classified as a gaseous anesthetic?

<p>Nitrous Oxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

General Anesthetics (Inhaled)

Volatile agents that are initially liquids, but are converted to gases for use in anesthesia.

General Anesthetics (Intravenous)

Drugs administered intravenously, used to induce and maintain surgical anesthesia.

Propofol

Common intravenous anesthetic, known for being quick-acting and producing a rapid transition into unconsciousness.

Sevoflurane

A commonly used inhaled anesthetic, a volatile agent that can be easily turned into a gas.

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Halothane

A volatile inhaled anesthetic, but is not FDA registered.

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Desflurane

A volatile inhaled anesthetic, a liquid that can be converted to gas for use during anesthesia.

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Nitrous Oxide

A gaseous anesthetic that's already a gas.

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Etomidate

Intravenous anesthetic used for rapid induction of anesthesia.

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IV General Anesthetics

Intravenous medications used to induce and maintain general anesthesia, often combined with inhaled anesthetics.

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Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

An adjuvant anesthetic gas, meaning it enhances the effects of other anesthetics, but cannot induce anesthesia on its own.

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Balanced Anesthesia

A technique combining both intravenous and inhaled anesthetic agents for a smoother induction and maintenance of anesthesia.

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Sevoflurane

An inhaled anesthetic often used in surgical procedures, noted for its potential synergy with myocardial depression.

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3-Compartment Model

A model used to describe the movement of intravenous drugs throughout the body, including vascular, central, and effect site compartments.

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Propofol

A commonly used intravenous general anesthetic for inducing anesthesia.

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Thiopental

Often avoided during long surgical procedures.

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Laughing Gas

A type of intravenous anesthetic.

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Intravenous Anesthetics

Anesthetics administered directly into a vein.

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Propofol

A short-acting intravenous anesthetic.

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Ketamine

An intravenous anesthetic, also used as a dissociative anesthetic.

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Etomidate

Intravenous anesthetic with minimal cardiovascular effects.

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Barbiturates

A class of intravenous anesthetics, mainly thiopental.

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Dexmedetomidine

An intravenous anesthetic with analgesic properties.

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Benzodiazepines

Used in anesthesia as adjuvants, but not as primary agents.

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Opioids

Used as adjuvants for pain management during anesthesia.

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Neuromuscular Blockers

Medications that temporarily paralyze muscles.

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Nondepolarizing Blockers

Neuromuscular blockers that prevent muscle contractions.

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Depolarizing Blockers

Neuromuscular blockers that cause prolonged muscle contractions

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Local Anesthetics

Drugs that numb a specific area of the body.

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Aminoesters

A class of local anesthetics.

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Aminoamides

A type of local anesthetic, including Lidocaine.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Anesthetics

  • Anesthetics are used to induce unconsciousness and analgesia during surgical procedures.
  • There are several goals of anesthesia, including immobility, amnesia, unconsciousness, and analgesia.
  • Techniques include general, regional, and local anesthesia.
  • General anesthesia involves putting the patient to sleep, regional anesthesia targets specific nerves, and local anesthesia numbs a specific area.

Anesthesia Techniques

  • General anesthetics:
    • Inhaled anesthetics (volatile and gaseous): Sevoflurane, Desflurane, Halothane, Isoflurane, Nitrous Oxide (Nâ‚‚O).
    • Intravenous anesthetics: Propofol, Ketamine, Etomidate, Thiopental.
  • Local anesthetics:
    • Esters and amides: Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine, etc.
  • Adjuvants and adjucts: Various drugs used in combination with primary anesthetics to enhance specific effects.

Anesthetics

  • General anesthetics:
    • Mechanism of action: Complex, involving various receptors and ion channels.
    • Factors in selection: Patient factors, procedure characteristics, and drug properties determine anesthetic choice.
  • Intravenous anesthetics:
    • Kinetics: Propofol, etomidate, and ketamine have rapid onset and recovery, while other barbiturates like thiopental are slower.
  • Local anesthetics:
    • Nerve Anatomy and Physiology: Understanding nerve pathways is important for effective local anesthesia.
    • Mechanism of action: Inhibit sodium channels, blocking nerve impulse transmission.
  • Neuromuscular blockers:
    • Nondepolarizing: Block acetylcholine receptors, preventing muscle contraction
    • Depolarizing: Bind and activate acetylcholine receptors transiently, leading to initial muscle contraction followed by blockage.

Factors in Selection

  • Goals of anesthesia (immobility, amnesia, unconsciousness, and analgesia).
  • Patient characteristics and health conditions
  • Procedure specifics
  • Drug properties

IV Anesthetics - Kinetics

  • 3-compartment Model: Vascular (central), rapidly equilibrating, and slowly equilibrating compartments.
  • Context-sensitive half-time: Drug elimination depends on infusion duration; long infusions lead to prolonged effects.
  • Dosage adjustments for various treatments.

Summary

  • Anesthesia includes various techniques (general, regional, local)
  • General and IV anesthetics have different mechanisms of action.
  • Local anesthetics are used to numb specific areas.
  • Selection depends on multiple factors (patient, type of procedures, and adjuvants (drugs)).
  • Various drugs are available with varying properties and mechanisms for each type.

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