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You are about to give levobupivicaine, which is a local anaesthetic drug, for local wound infiltration to reduce postoperative pain after surgery. How do local anaesthetic drugs block pain signalling transmission?
You are about to give levobupivicaine, which is a local anaesthetic drug, for local wound infiltration to reduce postoperative pain after surgery. How do local anaesthetic drugs block pain signalling transmission?
Which of the following is typically recovered from the skin scraping of a patient with tinea infection?
Which of the following is typically recovered from the skin scraping of a patient with tinea infection?
Infections by which of the following organisms is normally diagnosed by antibody testing rather than bacterial culture?
Infections by which of the following organisms is normally diagnosed by antibody testing rather than bacterial culture?
Which group of parasites typically has an elongated and segmented appearance?
Which group of parasites typically has an elongated and segmented appearance?
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A 24-year-old male patient complains of a recent onset of purulent urethral discharge. What is the MOST LIKELY pathogen involved?
A 24-year-old male patient complains of a recent onset of purulent urethral discharge. What is the MOST LIKELY pathogen involved?
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Which of the following host immune defects predisposes to tuberculosis?
Which of the following host immune defects predisposes to tuberculosis?
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The dermis of the skin is made of two major protein fibres. What is the major protein which makes up the dermis of the skin?
The dermis of the skin is made of two major protein fibres. What is the major protein which makes up the dermis of the skin?
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Hair growth occurs in a cycle. What is the average length of the anagen phase in hair growth?
Hair growth occurs in a cycle. What is the average length of the anagen phase in hair growth?
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There are different modes of secretion in the glandular epithelium. Which of the following glands is involved in apocrine secretion?
There are different modes of secretion in the glandular epithelium. Which of the following glands is involved in apocrine secretion?
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Based on the images above, which epithelium is well suited to withstand increased wear and tear forces in the moist mucosal cavity such as the oral cavity?
Based on the images above, which epithelium is well suited to withstand increased wear and tear forces in the moist mucosal cavity such as the oral cavity?
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During oogenesis, female gamete cells progress through different stages of meiosis and form the primary, secondary and mature oocytes. At which stage of meiosis is the oocyte when it is ovulated?
During oogenesis, female gamete cells progress through different stages of meiosis and form the primary, secondary and mature oocytes. At which stage of meiosis is the oocyte when it is ovulated?
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Haemostasis is the process to stop bleeding. Which precursor blood cell gives rise to the formed elements responsible for haemostasis?
Haemostasis is the process to stop bleeding. Which precursor blood cell gives rise to the formed elements responsible for haemostasis?
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There are different types of cells in the nervous system. Dysfunctional apical cilia of which type of cells may alter choroid plexus function and lead to hydrocephalus?
There are different types of cells in the nervous system. Dysfunctional apical cilia of which type of cells may alter choroid plexus function and lead to hydrocephalus?
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With reference to the image above, which organ is lined with this type of epithelium?
With reference to the image above, which organ is lined with this type of epithelium?
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You are providing care for a family with a rare neurological disorder. A boy and a girl are affected and show very similar symptoms. Three other siblings and the biological parents are healthy. You suspect a monogenic disease. Which inheritance pattern would be the MOST PLAUSIBLE?
You are providing care for a family with a rare neurological disorder. A boy and a girl are affected and show very similar symptoms. Three other siblings and the biological parents are healthy. You suspect a monogenic disease. Which inheritance pattern would be the MOST PLAUSIBLE?
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In anaerobic cellular respiration, pyruvate is converted to lactate. Which of the following is required in the conversion?
In anaerobic cellular respiration, pyruvate is converted to lactate. Which of the following is required in the conversion?
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In vitro fertilisation can help carriers of genetic diseases. Which reproductive technology leads to babies with genetic material from three individuals?
In vitro fertilisation can help carriers of genetic diseases. Which reproductive technology leads to babies with genetic material from three individuals?
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Deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy. Vitamin C is required for which protein post-translational modification?
Deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy. Vitamin C is required for which protein post-translational modification?
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The mammalian cell cycle can be stopped at specific checkpoints when sensing unfavourable signals. When DNA replication is incomplete, the cell cycle arrests at which of the following checkpoints?
The mammalian cell cycle can be stopped at specific checkpoints when sensing unfavourable signals. When DNA replication is incomplete, the cell cycle arrests at which of the following checkpoints?
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In aerobic cellular respiration, pyruvate is oxidised to form acetyl-CoA. Which of the following is also required in this reaction step?
In aerobic cellular respiration, pyruvate is oxidised to form acetyl-CoA. Which of the following is also required in this reaction step?
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Many diseases are associated with defects in RNA processing. In which cellular compartment does RNA processing mainly occur?
Many diseases are associated with defects in RNA processing. In which cellular compartment does RNA processing mainly occur?
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Single gene disorders often show a predictable 'Mendelian' inheritance pattern. Which pattern of affected individuals in a pedigree diagram would suggest an autosomal dominant inheritance?
Single gene disorders often show a predictable 'Mendelian' inheritance pattern. Which pattern of affected individuals in a pedigree diagram would suggest an autosomal dominant inheritance?
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Vaccination offers long lasting antigen-specific immune protection. What is the key cellular mediator responsible for this protection?
Vaccination offers long lasting antigen-specific immune protection. What is the key cellular mediator responsible for this protection?
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The human body is made up of several fluid compartments. How do you calculate the intracellular fluid volume of the body?
The human body is made up of several fluid compartments. How do you calculate the intracellular fluid volume of the body?
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Vesicular transport moves materials into or out of a cell. What process describes the release of neurotransmitters at a chemical synapse?
Vesicular transport moves materials into or out of a cell. What process describes the release of neurotransmitters at a chemical synapse?
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Calcium ions play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling. Which protein can be activated by calcium ions?
Calcium ions play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling. Which protein can be activated by calcium ions?
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The core body temperature is normally maintained at a relatively constant level by the thermoregulatory centre. What body response occurs when the core body temperature is below the thermal set-point of the thermoregulatory centre?
The core body temperature is normally maintained at a relatively constant level by the thermoregulatory centre. What body response occurs when the core body temperature is below the thermal set-point of the thermoregulatory centre?
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Dr. Kwong has invented a new blood test for the diagnosis of a disease. What is the false negative rate of this new diagnostic test equivalent to?
Dr. Kwong has invented a new blood test for the diagnosis of a disease. What is the false negative rate of this new diagnostic test equivalent to?
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A test is positive in 60 out of 100 patients and 60 out of 100 normal individuals. What is the positive predictive value of this new test?
A test is positive in 60 out of 100 patients and 60 out of 100 normal individuals. What is the positive predictive value of this new test?
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A key part of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG3) is to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). What is the target goal for achieving universal health coverage other than access to essential health services and medicines for all?
A key part of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG3) is to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). What is the target goal for achieving universal health coverage other than access to essential health services and medicines for all?
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Drugs can be administrated by different routes. Each route has its specific purposes, advantages and disadvantages. Which of the following is a characteristic of parenteral route of administration?
Drugs can be administrated by different routes. Each route has its specific purposes, advantages and disadvantages. Which of the following is a characteristic of parenteral route of administration?
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Malabsorption of fructose may occur after large consumption of fruit juice. How does fructose get into blood from the small intestine?
Malabsorption of fructose may occur after large consumption of fruit juice. How does fructose get into blood from the small intestine?
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A single motor neuron and its innervated muscle fibres constitute a motor unit. What physiological response is triggered in muscle fibres when the motor neuron is stimulated by a threshold stimulus?
A single motor neuron and its innervated muscle fibres constitute a motor unit. What physiological response is triggered in muscle fibres when the motor neuron is stimulated by a threshold stimulus?
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Mental activities impact on human health. According to the "Zang-Fu" theory in Chinese Medicine, which emotion condition would affect the function of "the Liver?"
Mental activities impact on human health. According to the "Zang-Fu" theory in Chinese Medicine, which emotion condition would affect the function of "the Liver?"
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The innate immune system consists of humoral and cellular components. Which of the following cell types are present in the innate immune system?
The innate immune system consists of humoral and cellular components. Which of the following cell types are present in the innate immune system?
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During infections, many soluble factors mediate innate immunity against invading pathogens. Which of the following soluble factors is directly involved in innate immune response?
During infections, many soluble factors mediate innate immunity against invading pathogens. Which of the following soluble factors is directly involved in innate immune response?
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An intravenous drug addict was diagnosed to have disseminated tuberculosis. Which of the following would be the characteristic cell type seen in the biopsies that would be diagnostic of his condition?
An intravenous drug addict was diagnosed to have disseminated tuberculosis. Which of the following would be the characteristic cell type seen in the biopsies that would be diagnostic of his condition?
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The innate immune system provides first-line defence mechanisms and consists of humoral and cellular components. Which of the following cellular components does it include?
The innate immune system provides first-line defence mechanisms and consists of humoral and cellular components. Which of the following cellular components does it include?
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Phenytoin is a drug for treating epilepsy, and it is highly lipophilic. What would be the concern for an obese patient to use phenytoin?
Phenytoin is a drug for treating epilepsy, and it is highly lipophilic. What would be the concern for an obese patient to use phenytoin?
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During implantation, the blastocyst is embedded into the maternal endometrium. Which cell layer plays the MOST ACTIVE role in invading the endometrium?
During implantation, the blastocyst is embedded into the maternal endometrium. Which cell layer plays the MOST ACTIVE role in invading the endometrium?
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What types of collagen fibres contribute to layer X?
What types of collagen fibres contribute to layer X?
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What are the arrowed structures that help anchor epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina?
What are the arrowed structures that help anchor epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina?
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Which formed element of blood contains helminthotoxic granules?
Which formed element of blood contains helminthotoxic granules?
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Which type of tissue is shown in the picture (arrowed)?
Which type of tissue is shown in the picture (arrowed)?
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Which type of cells shown in the picture (arrowed) lines the inner surface of the central canal of the spinal cord?
Which type of cells shown in the picture (arrowed) lines the inner surface of the central canal of the spinal cord?
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The mesoderm germ layer differentiates to form different structures of our body. Which of the following is derived from the intermediate mesoderm layer?
The mesoderm germ layer differentiates to form different structures of our body. Which of the following is derived from the intermediate mesoderm layer?
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Given the unique features of the skin in this slide, identify the specific region of the body from which this skin sample was obtained.
Given the unique features of the skin in this slide, identify the specific region of the body from which this skin sample was obtained.
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What is the arrowed structure?
What is the arrowed structure?
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What is the predominant cell type in the outlined area?
What is the predominant cell type in the outlined area?
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The diagram showed a specimen of the external muscle layers of the middle 1/3 of the oesophagus. Which type of tissue is found in the circled area?
The diagram showed a specimen of the external muscle layers of the middle 1/3 of the oesophagus. Which type of tissue is found in the circled area?
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Study Notes
Table of Contents
- Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (3 pages)
- Section A: Extended Matching Questions (3 pages)
- Section A: Structured Answer Questions (3 pages)
- Section B: Multiple Choice Questions (3 pages)
- Section B: Extended Matching Questions (3 pages)
- Section B: Structured Answer Questions (3 pages)
Multiple Choice Questions (Section A)
- Levobupivicaine, a local anesthetic, blocks pain signaling by blocking sodium channels.
- A skin scraping for tinea infection typically reveals dermatophytes such as Microsporum canis.
- Cestodes have an elongated and segmented appearance.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most likely pathogen for purulent urethral discharge in a 24-year-old male.
- Defective T-lymphocyte production is a host immune defect that predisposes to tuberculosis.
- Collagen is the major protein fiber in the dermis of the skin.
- The anagen phase of hair growth lasts approximately 3 years.
- Apocrine secretion is associated with mammary glands.
- Stratified squamous epithelium is well suited for the oral cavity due to its strength and resilience to wear and tear, and its resistance to moisture damage.
- Oocytes are ovulated in metaphase II of meiosis.
- Haemostasis is triggered by megakaryocytes, precursors to platelets.
- Ependymal cells within the nervous system have apical cilia, whose dysfunction may lead to hydrocephalus.
- Urinary bladder epithelium is stratified.
- Autosomal recessive inheritance is the most likely pattern for a family with a rare neurological disorder where two siblings are affected while their parents and other siblings are healthy.
- Pyruvate is converted to lactate in anaerobic respiration, requiring $NAD^+$.
- In-vitro fertilization using mitochondrial replacement technology involves using genetic material from three individuals.
- Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy, because vitamin C is required for the post-translational modification of proline hydroxylation, which is vital for the production of collagen.
- The cell cycle stops at the G2 checkpoint when DNA replication is incomplete.
- Electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondrion, needing $NAD^+$ for conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
- Single-gene disorders follow a predictable Mendelian inheritance pattern.
- The key cellular component for long-lasting antigen-specific immune protection from vaccines is memory lymphocytes.
- Extracellular fluid and interstitial fluid make up total body fluid. To find intracellular fluid, deduct plasma and interstitial fluid volumes from total body fluid.
- Exocytosis is the process where neurotransmitters are released.
- Calcium ions activate troponin, a protein involved in excitation-contraction coupling.
- A false negative rate is equivalent to 1 minus the sensitivity of the test.
- A positive test in 60 of 100 patients and 60 of 100 normal individuals has a positive predictive value of 0.50.
- Universal health coverage in the UN's sustainable development goals focuses on health system improvements and financial risk protection besides access to essential healthcare services.
- Intramuscular and intravenous administrations (parenteral routes) are not self-administerable, whereas subcutaneous administrations are.
- The anagen phase of hair growth lasts approximately 3 months, not 3 years.
- Glucose transport in the small intestine is typically facilitated by glucose transporters (not simple diffusion).
- A threshold stimulus in a motor unit triggers recruitment of one motor unit—not all.
- Mental activities impact human health. According to the "Zang-Fu" theory in Chinese Medicine, anger affects the Liver.
- Complement is part of the innate immune system, and are the soluble factors involved in innate immune responses.
- The innate immune system involves neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells.
- Lipophilic drugs (like phenytoin) may have to be administered with caution to obese patients to prevent accumulation and toxicity due to their high rate of fat storage.
- Cytotrophoblast layer is the most active in invading the endometrium during implantation.
- Type III and IV collagen contribute to layer X in the tracheal epithelium.
- Hemidesmosomes anchor epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina.
- The formed element of blood containing helminthotoxic granules is eosinophils.
- The tissue in the circled area of a middle-1/3 oesophagus specimen is skeletal muscle tissue.
- Bipolar, multipolar, pseudounipolar neurons are present in cerebral cortex specimen.
- Satellite glial cells are present in sympathetic ganglion specimens.
- Intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the kidneys.
Multiple Choice Questions (Section B)
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Description
Test your knowledge on local anesthetics and dermatological conditions with this comprehensive quiz. Covering multiple choice and structured questions, it addresses key topics such as pain management and skin infections. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical field.
