Anesthetics and Dermatology Quiz

Local anaesthetic drugs block pain signalling transmission by binding to and blocking voltage-gated sodium channels in the cell membrane of nerve fibres, preventing the generation and conduction of nerve impulses.

Microsporum canis is a common cause of tinea infections, a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. It is usually transmitted through contact with infected animals, especially cats and dogs.

Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, is a bacteria that is very difficult to grow in culture. Therefore, diagnosis relies on serological tests that detect antibodies produced by the body in response to the infection.

Cestodes, a type of parasitic flatworm, are characterized by their long, segmented bodies. These segments, known as proglottids, contain reproductive organs and are responsible for the transmission of the parasite's eggs.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteria that causes gonorrhea, is a common cause of purulent urethral discharge in males. This bacteria is typically transmitted through sexual contact and can cause infections in the urethra, cervix, rectum, throat, and eyes.

A deficiency in T-lymphocyte production weakens the immune system's ability to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis, increasing the risk of developing tuberculosis.

Collagen is the main structural protein found in the dermis, providing strength and support to the skin. It forms a network of fibers that gives skin its elasticity and resilience.

The anagen phase of hair growth, also known as the growth phase, is typically very long, lasting for several years. During this phase, hair grows continuously.

Mammary glands secrete milk through the process of apocrine secretion, which involves the release of a portion of the cell membrane along with the secreted product.

Stratified squamous epithelium, found in the oral cavity, is well suited for withstanding wear and tear forces due to its multiple layers of cells and the presence of keratin in its surface layers.

At ovulation, the oocyte is released from the ovary in metaphase II of meiosis. It is arrested at this stage until fertilization occurs, when the second meiotic division is completed.

Megakaryocytes are large, multinucleated cells responsible for producing platelets, which are crucial for haemostasis (blood clotting) by forming a plug at the site of injury.

Ependymal cells, which line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, have cilia that assist in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Dysfunctional cilia can lead to hydrocephalus, a build-up of CSF in the brain.

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder is transitional epithelium, also known as urothelium. It can stretch and change shape, allowing the bladder to expand and contract as it fills with urine.

Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern is the most plausible when both affected individuals share the same recessive allele from both parents. This pattern explains how two unaffected parents can have multiple affected children due to inheriting the recessive alleles.

NADH, which is a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is required for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic cellular respiration. This conversion regenerates NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.

Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), a reproductive technology, involves transferring the nuclear DNA of a fertilized egg into a donor egg that has normal mitochondria. This results in a baby with genetic material from three individuals.

Vitamin C is a coenzyme required for the hydroxylation of proline residues in collagen synthesis. This modification is essential for the strength and stability of collagen fibers.

The G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA replication is complete and the cell is ready for mitosis. If DNA replication is incomplete, the cell cycle will be arrested at this checkpoint to prevent errors in chromosome segregation.

NAD+, which is an oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is required in the oxidation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA. This reaction is a key step in aerobic cellular respiration, where pyruvate is converted into a form that can enter the citric acid cycle.

RNA processing, which includes capping, splicing, and polyadenylation, mainly takes place in the nucleus of the cell. This ensures that the mRNA transcript is properly modified and prepared for translation.

Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern is characterized by affected individuals in all generations of a family. Affected individuals usually have at least one affected parent.

Memory lymphocytes, also known as memory B cells and memory T cells, are responsible for long-lasting antigen-specific immune protection after vaccination. These cells can quickly recognize and mount an immune response against the same pathogen in the future.

Intracellular fluid volume (ICF) is calculated by subtracting the total volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) from the total body fluid volume (TBFV). This formula considers that the total body fluid is divided into ICF and ECF components.

Exocytosis is the process by which neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. This release of neurotransmitters allows communication between neurons across synapses.

Troponin, a protein complex found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, is activated by calcium ions. This activation triggers the movement of tropomyosin, allowing myosin to bind to actin and initiate muscle contraction.

Shivering, a mechanism to increase heat production in response to a drop in core body temperature, involves involuntary muscle contractions that generate heat. This response helps restore the body's core temperature to the set-point.

The false negative rate of a diagnostic test is equal to 1 - sensitivity of the test. Sensitivity indicates the test's ability to correctly identify individuals with the disease.

The positive predictive value (PPV) is the probability that a positive test result accurately indicates the presence of the disease. In this scenario, PPV is 0.50, meaning 50% of individuals with a positive test actually have the disease.

Financial risk protection, a key aspect of universal health coverage, ensures that people can access healthcare without facing financial hardship. This includes protecting individuals from catastrophic health expenses and promoting equitable access to healthcare.

The parenteral route of administration involves injecting drugs directly into the body, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. Subcutaneous injections are given under the skin and can be self-administered by patients.

Fructose enters the blood from the small intestine through the action of glucose transporters. These transporters facilitate the movement of fructose across the cell membrane and into the bloodstream.

When a motor neuron is stimulated with a threshold stimulus, it triggers the contraction of a single motor unit, which consists of a single motor neuron and its innervated muscle fibres. This contraction is a basic unit of muscle activity.

In Chinese medicine, the Liver is associated with the emotion of anger. According to the

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that are part of the innate immune system. They recognize and engulf pathogens, presenting their antigens to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses.

Complement is a group of proteins that acts as a part of the innate immune system. Upon activation, they trigger a cascade of events leading to pathogen lysis, inflammation, and opsonization.

Langhans giant cells, which are multinucleated cells, are characteristically found in granulomas associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. These cells are formed by the fusion of macrophages.

Neutrophils, which are phagocytic cells, are also part of the innate immune system. They are the first responders to infection and actively engulf and destroy pathogens.