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What is the effect of delaying cardiac compressions during a cardiac arrest under general anesthesia?
What type of anesthetic circuit is a Bain system when operated at ~300 ml/kg/min flow rate?
In what position are dogs typically intubated?
Which type of breathing system operates at flow rates of approximately 10-30 ml/kg/min?
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What is true about the flow rate in a closed anesthetic rebreathing system?
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What additional presence has been shown to improve outcomes during a cardiac arrest?
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At moderate flow rates of ~20-300 ml/kg/min, how does the Bain system function?
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What position are horses typically intubated in due to their size?
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What is the primary benefit of using a scavenger system in anesthetic procedures?
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What does the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) specifically measure?
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Why is it important to change charcoal absorbers in a scavenger system?
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Which of the following statements about Propofol is accurate?
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What happens if Propofol is administered too quickly?
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What is the recommended action after opening a vial of Propofol?
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What does OSHA cover in relation to anesthetic gases?
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What is a key effect of using multiples of the MAC value during anesthesia?
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What are the primary effects of acepromazine in dogs and cats?
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Why are atropine or glycopyrrolate typically administered before anesthesia induction?
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What effect does acepromazine NOT have on the body?
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Which system does a low-pressure check on an anesthetic machine monitor for leaks?
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What is one of the mechanisms of action of acepromazine?
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What cardiovascular effect do anti-cholinergics like atropine have?
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What is a side effect of using dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine?
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What effect is NOT produced by acepromazine on the central nervous system?
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What is the final step in the transfer of a painful stimulus?
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Which process occurs first when experiencing pain?
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What role does modulation play in pain signaling?
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What is the primary use of xylazine in cattle?
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What can help prevent laryngospasm in cats during anesthesia induction?
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Why is xylazine usage in cattle a concern at high doses?
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What is a common characteristic of nociceptors?
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What is the correct order of events in pain pathway activation?
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Which inhalant anesthetic has the lowest MAC in dogs?
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What is the MAC value for Sevoflurane in cats?
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Which inhalant anesthetic requires a greater percentage for administration due to lower solubility?
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What is the normal capnography reading for a patient under inhalant anesthesia?
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Which sedative is known to cause the least cardiac and respiratory depression?
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Which inhalant anesthetic has the highest MAC in cats?
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What happens to alveolar levels of anesthetic when the vaporizer is turned off?
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How does the solubility of an inhalant anesthetic affect patient recovery time?
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Study Notes
Anesthetic Breathing Circuits
- A Bain system run at a high flow rate (~300 ml/kg/min) is a nonrebreathing system
- At moderate flow rates (~20-300 ml/kg/min) the Bain system functions as a partial rebreathing system
- Semi-closed and partial rebreathing systems are the same, running at intermediate flow rates (10 ml/kg/min for large animals to 30 ml/kg/min for small animals).
- Closed anesthetic rebreathing systems have a low fresh gas flow rate of ~5-10 ml/kg/min (lower for larger animals, higher for smaller animals).
Intubation
- Dogs, cats, and small ruminants are typically intubated in sternal recumbency
- Horses are intubated in lateral recumbency
Endotracheal Tube Placement Confirmation
- Proper endotracheal tube placement can be confirmed by using a scavenger system
Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC)
- MAC is a measure of anesthetic potency
- It's the minimum concentration of anesthetic in the alveolar gas that prevents a physical response in 50% of animals exposed to a surgical stimulus
- Most anesthetics require multiples of MAC to guarantee appropriate anesthesia during surgery
Propofol
- Propofol is a non-barbiturate anesthetic agent
- It provides minimal to no analgesic effects
- Propofol without preservatives should be discarded within six hours of opening
- Propofol-28 can be used for 28 days after opening
- Propofol is rapidly cleared from the body
- It can cause apnea (breathing stops) if given too rapidly
MAC for Inhalant Anesthetics
- Isoflurane has the lowest MAC (1.2 in dogs, 1.63 in cats, 1.31 in horses)
- Sevoflurane has an intermediate MAC (2.1 in dogs, 2.58 in cats, 2.31 in horses)
- Desflurane has the highest MAC (7.2 in dogs, 9.8 in cats, 7.6 in horses)
- Inhalants with high potency have lower MACs and higher blood & tissue solubility
- Higher solubility drugs achieve equilibrium faster, leading to faster induction and recovery.
Capnography
- Capnography measures the amount of expired carbon dioxide (CO2) in each breath
- This is commonly called "end-tidal CO2"
- Normal capnography reading under inhalant anesthesia is 40-55 mm Hg
- Higher CO2 levels indicate hypoxia
- Lower levels indicate hyperventilation
Acepromazine
- Acepromazine causes minimal respiratory and cardiac depression
- It is a phenothiazine tranquilizer that causes mild sedation
- It causes vasodilation and acts as an anti-emetic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and anti-arrhythmic
- Acepromazine does NOT provide analgesia or cause vasoconstriction
- It blocks peripheral alpha-1 receptors and dopamine receptors in the brain
Atropine & Glycopyrrolate (Anti-cholinergics)
- Anti-cholinergics are given as pre-meds to decrease salivation, decrease airway secretions, and increase heart rate
- They do not affect eye closure, but they do dilate the pupils
Laryngospasm Prevention
- You can prevent laryngospasm in cats during induction and maintenance of anesthesia by spraying the larynx with 1-2% lidocaine
Xylazine
- Xylazine is primarily used for chemical restraint in cattle
- It has sedative, analgesic, and muscle relaxation properties
- Cattle are very sensitive to xylazine
- It is often used in combination with ketamine and butorphanol
- Xylazine can cause bloat and hypoxemia in cattle
- It is reversed with yohimbine, atipamezole, or tolazoline
Pain Physiology
- Perception is the final step in pain transmission
- Transduction of the stimulus occurs by pain receptors (nociceptors)
- Transmission to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
- Modulation of the signal in the spinal cord and brain
- Projection to the brain
- Perception in the cerebral cortex
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Description
This quiz covers anesthetic breathing circuits, intubation techniques, and confirmation of endotracheal tube placement in veterinary practice. It also discusses Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) and its significance in dosing anesthetics for animals. Test your knowledge on these critical veterinary anesthesia concepts.
