Anesthesia: Pharmacology and Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of the drug formulation mentioned in the passage?

  • Oil-based formulation
  • Fat-soluble formulation
  • Protein-bound formulation
  • Water-soluble formulation (correct)

    • Where does the drug enter the systemic circulation?

  • Systemic circulation
  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Left side of the heart (correct)
  • Right side of the heart

    • What determines the transfer of the drug from the blood to the brain?

  • Degree of unionization of the drug
  • Lipid insolubility of the drug
  • Arterial concentration of the free drug (correct)
  • Arterial concentration of bound drug

    • Why do highly lipid soluble drugs get initially distributed to organs with high blood flow?

    <p>Because they have high blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the plasma concentration of the drug over time?

    <p>It falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of redistribution on the action of the drug?

    <p>It terminates the action of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of this anesthetic?

    <p>Poor analgesic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using this anesthetic in patients with cerebral edema?

    <p>It reduces intracranial tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must equipment for controlled ventilation be available when using this anesthetic?

    <p>Pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes persist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precaution that must be taken when administering this anesthetic?

    <p>The patient should not be in a sitting position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible complication of extravasation of this anesthetic?

    <p>Nerve palsy and limb gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using this anesthetic in patients with cerebral blood flow and metabolism?

    <p>It reduces cerebral blood flow and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precaution to be taken when using propofol in patients with a history of egg allergy?

    <p>History of egg allergy is not a contraindication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group is propofol infusion not recommended for long-term use?

    <p>Children &lt; 16 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of etomidate in patients with cardiac disease?

    <p>It is the most cardiovascular stable among all IV agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse effect of etomidate?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to reduce the risk of adrenocortical suppression caused by etomidate?

    <p>Vitamin C supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of etomidate that makes it useful in patients with elevated ICT?

    <p>It decreases ICT by almost 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can barbiturate poisoning lead to?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are barbiturates contraindicated in patients with acute intermittent porphyria?

    <p>They can induce the production of hepatic Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of forced diuresis and alkalinisation of the urine in treating barbiturate poisoning?

    <p>To increase the excretion of phenobarbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem associated with the injection of propofol?

    <p>Pain on injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it mandatory to discard the propofol vial within 6 hours after opening?

    <p>To prevent bacterial contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration of propofol available as a milky white solution?

    <p>1% and 2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system?

    <p>To reduce neuronal excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of benzodiazepines in anesthesia?

    <p>Analgesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Potentiation of GABA actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is NOT used for lorazepam?

    <p>Topical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elimination half-life of midazolam?

    <p>2-3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are benzodiazepines used to prevent hallucinations by ketamine?

    <p>Because they have amnesic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

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