39 Questions
Which of the following is a physiological alteration that occurs during gestation and parturition in pregnant animals undergoing C section leads to increased regurgitation likelihood?
Delayed GI emptying
What is the commonest reason to anaesthetize a pregnant animal?
For Caesarean section
Which of the following strategies can help reduce the likelihood of regurgitation during C section?
Keeping the head up
What is the recommended approach when choosing drugs for anaesthesia during C section?
Use drugs with a short duration of action
Why is it important to provide oxygen and intubate during C section?
To maintain proper ventilation
What is the purpose of using local anaesthetics during C section?
To reduce the need for analgesia
What is the recommended position for the dam during C section to reduce regurgitation and compression of the central venous catheter (CVC)?
Tilt off midline
What should be monitored during C section to ensure adequate perfusion to the placenta?
Arterial blood pressure (ABP)
What should be done in response to hypotension during C section?
Administer fluids
What is the purpose of premedication during C section?
To provide analgesia
Which vein is used to place the IV cannula in the dam?
Cephalic vein
What should be continuously and comprehensively monitored during anesthesia?
Blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, and oxygen saturation
What is the recommended fluid infusion rate for a dog during anesthesia?
10-20 ml/kg/hr
When should an NSAID be administered during a procedure?
At the end of the procedure
What is the recommended method to clear away membranes and fluid from the mouth and nose of a newborn puppy or kitten?
Suction with a bulb syringe
What is the purpose of the inverted L block in ruminant C section?
To create an area of anesthesia away from the incision site
Which nerve roots are desensitized by the proximal paravertebral nerve block in ruminant C section?
T13 and L1
What is the recommended size of the needle for injecting local anesthetic in the inverted L block?
18 gauge
What is the purpose of using a cannula or guide needle in the proximal paravertebral nerve block?
To facilitate proper needle placement of anesthetic
Which structure does the needle pass ventral to when performing a proximal paravertebral nerve block?
Transverse ligament
How much local anesthetic is injected to desensitize the ventral branches of the nerves during a proximal paravertebral nerve block?
6 to 8 mL
What are the advantages of a proximal paravertebral nerve block?
Wide and uniform area of analgesia and muscle relaxation
What are the disadvantages of a proximal paravertebral nerve block?
Increased difficulty in identifying landmarks in obese and heavily muscled animals
What evidence indicates a successful proximal paravertebral nerve block?
All of the above
In a study comparing proximal paravertebral anesthetic block and a combination line block plus inverted L block for flank laparotomy in cattle, which block provided better clinical analgesia during the creation of the incision into the abdomen?
Proximal paravertebral block
How much local anesthetic is infused to desensitize the dorsal branch of the nerves during a proximal paravertebral nerve block?
6 to 8 mL
What is the depth of the needle insertion for a proximal paravertebral nerve block?
Depth similar to the injection site for T13
What is the purpose of a proximal paravertebral nerve block?
To desensitize the dorsal branches of the nerves
What effect does a proximal paravertebral nerve block have on the spine?
Causes scoliosis of the spine toward the desensitized side
What are some physiological alterations during gestation and parturition in pregnant animals undergoing C section that increase the likelihood of regurgitation?
Delayed GI emptying, increased gastrin levels, and lower pH of gastric fluid.
What factors should be considered when choosing drugs for anaesthesia during C section?
Choose drugs with a short duration of action, use the lowest possible dose, and provide opioids to the dam.
What measures can be taken during C section to reduce the likelihood of regurgitation and compression of the central venous catheter (CVC)?
Increase head intubation, inflate the ET cuff, keep the head elevated, and position the dam carefully to reduce regurgitation and CVC compression.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the inverted L block in ruminant C section?
The advantages of the inverted L block include simplicity of performance, minimal interference with ambulation, and reduced incisional edema and hematoma. The disadvantages include incomplete analgesia and muscle relaxation, possible toxicity with larger doses of anesthetic, and increased cost due to larger doses of local anesthetic.
What are the steps involved in performing a proximal paravertebral nerve block in ruminants?
The steps involved in performing a proximal paravertebral nerve block in ruminants include desensitizing the skin at the cranial edges of the transverse processes of L1, L2, and L3, inserting a cannula or guide needle, desensitizing T13 and the ventral branch, infusing local anesthetic to desensitize the dorsal branch, and desensitizing L1 and L2 by inserting the needle caudal to their transverse processes.
What are the recommended methods for clearing away membranes and fluid from the mouth and nose of a newborn puppy or kitten?
The recommended methods for clearing away membranes and fluid from the mouth and nose of a newborn puppy or kitten include suction, cotton buds, bulb syringe, vigorous rubbing, swinging, and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if needed.
What are the advantages of a proximal paravertebral nerve block?
Advantages of the proximal paravertebral nerve block include small doses of anesthetic, wide and uniform area of analgesia and muscle relaxation, decreased intra-abdominal pressure, and absence of local anesthetic at the margins of the surgical site.
What evidence indicates a successful proximal paravertebral nerve block?
Evidence of a successful proximal paravertebral nerve block includes increased temperature of the skin; analgesia of the skin, muscles, and peritoneum of the abdominal wall of the paralumbar fossa; and scoliosis of the spine toward the desensitized side.
What are the disadvantages of a proximal paravertebral nerve block?
Disadvantages of the proximal paravertebral nerve block include scoliosis of the spine, which may make closure of the incision more difficult; difficulty in identifying landmarks in obese and heavily muscled animals; and more skill or practice required for consistent results.
What is the depth of the needle insertion for a proximal paravertebral nerve block?
The needle is walked off the caudal edges of the transverse processes of L1 and L2, at a depth similar to the injection site for T13, and advanced approximately 1 cm to pass slightly ventral to the process and into the transverse ligament.
Test your knowledge on anaesthesia for C-sections in small animals. Learn about the physiological alterations and metabolic demands during gestation and parturition. Explore the impact of delayed GI emptying and its implications during anaesthetic procedures.
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