Anesthesia Equipment and Electrical Principles

<p>Two conducting plates separated by an insulator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charge moves onto the plates, with an initial surge of current (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Picofarads (pF) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stores electric charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passes AC but blocks DC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To check pipeline pressure continuously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Notify personnel and consider gas from cylinders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As recommended by the pipeline manufacturer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should be wired correctly to trigger alarms if a wire is cut. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is pale blue and very cold. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is non-flammable but supports combustion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hoses and station outlets for wear and proper function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monthly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gas from the anatomical dead space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased anatomical dead space ventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>End-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung heterogeneity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal anatomical dead space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased airway resistance or V/Q mismatch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expired volume without CO2 gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases due to increased anatomical dead space. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a normal plateau with low PetCO2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It drops drastically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable V‘alv and constant tidal volumes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A manual shutoff valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dramatic increase in V‘CO2. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases due to increased anatomical dead space. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjacent to the main supply line connection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable V‘CO2 and constant tidal volume. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A manual shutoff valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An auxiliary supply source fitting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate spontaneous ventilation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On the building's exterior and protected (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two panels located in separate locations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A master alarm system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A centralized computer system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased cardiac output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rebreathing of CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worsening of ventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in CO2 production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worsening ventilation/perfusion ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By short V‘CO2 peaks before returning to equilibrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolar ventilation and V‘CO2 will first decrease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous monitoring for alveolar recruitment and derecruitment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit. Measured in ohms (Ω).

Resistors connected end-to-end, where the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.

Resistors connected side-by-side, where the inverse of the total resistance is the sum of the inverses of individual resistances.

A circuit with four resistors arranged in a diamond shape, used to measure unknown resistance by balancing the bridge.

The ability of a device to store electrical charge, measured in Farads (F).

A device that stores electrical charge, typically consisting of two conductive plates separated by an insulator.

The capacitance of a capacitor is determined by the plate area, separation distance, and dielectric material.

Capacitors pass AC signals (changing voltages) but block DC signals (constant voltages).

A manual valve located near the building entry for controlling the main gas supply. It should be accessible from inside the building if the source shutoff valve is not.

A manual valve located at the point where a vertical pipe (riser) connects to the main supply line. This valve controls gas flow to a specific section of the building.

A service valve located on each lateral branch line (except for those supplying vital areas) controlling gas flow to a specific room or area.

A manual valve located outside every vital life support or critical care area. It must be easily accessible during an emergency.

A fitting on the building's exterior for connecting a temporary oxygen supply, used when the main supply is unavailable. This is needed for buildings without sufficient internal oxygen reserves for a full day's use.

A system that continuously monitors the medical gas central supply and distribution network for any problems. It has two separate signal panels located in different locations, wired to the same sensor for each condition.

Can be substituted for one of the master alarm signal panels in the master alarm system. It provides monitoring and reporting features for the medical gas system.

A wiring configuration where two or more master signal panels are connected to the same sensor in the master alarm system. This ensures redundant monitoring and alerts in case of a failure in one panel.

These gauges are found on anesthesia machines to constantly monitor the pressure of gases supplied through the hospital pipeline system.

When the pipeline pressure drops significantly, it indicates a potential problem with the gas supply. This could be a leak, a malfunction, or a high demand for gas.

An unusually high pressure in the pipeline could indicate a blockage or a system malfunction. It can be dangerous as it could lead to excess gas flow.

Regular maintenance of medical equipment, such as anesthesia machines and pipeline systems, is crucial to prevent potential hazards and unexpected service interruptions.

The frequency of maintenance depends on the manufacturer's recommendations, the equipment's usage, and local conditions. It could be monthly, quarterly, or annually.

Regularly testing alarms on anesthesia machines and pipeline systems ensures their proper functionality and prompt alerts in case of emergencies.

A facility that produces and stores liquid oxygen, which is then used for medical purposes and other industrial applications.

Liquid oxygen is a pale blue, very cold, non-flammable but supports combustion, and a strong oxidizer. It reacts with most organic materials and metals.

A continuous monitoring technique that measures CO2 levels in exhaled breath to track the efficiency of breathing.

A visual representation of CO2 concentration during a single exhalation, showing distinct phases that represent different areas of the respiratory system.

The initial phase of the capnogram where exhaled air from the airways and breathing circuit, containing little to no CO2, is measured.

The second phase where a mix of air from the airways and fast-emptying alveoli is measured, indicating the transition between dead space and alveoli.

The final phase where CO2 from the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs, is primarily measured, reflecting alveolar ventilation.

The CO2 concentration at the end of the plateau phase (Phase III) of the capnogram, representing the CO2 levels in the alveoli.

An extended Phase I on the capnogram, indicating an increase in the volume of dead space air that doesn't contribute to gas exchange.

An elongated Phase II on the capnogram, potentially suggesting increased airway resistance or a mismatch between ventilation and blood flow.

A specific shape on a capnogram indicating a sudden pulmonary embolism (PE). Phase I is increased due to dead space, Phase II slope decreases due to poor perfusion, and Phase III has a lower plateau due to reduced functional alveoli.

A reduced tissue perfusion due to blood loss, causing decreased oxygen delivery. The expired CO2 drops significantly, Phase I remains unchanged, but PetCO2 is decreased due to increased alveolar dead space.

Successful weaning is indicated by stable tidal volume, stable V‘alv, and slightly increasing V‘CO2. The patient takes on more work of breathing, indicating improved lung function.

A dramatic increase in V‘CO2 suggests excessive work of breathing and potential for respiratory decompensation. This is usually accompanied by visible signs of respiratory distress.

Decreasing V‘CO2 indicates the patient can't maintain adequate spontaneous ventilation. Minute ventilation decreases, reducing CO2 elimination.

The ratio of alveolar dead space to tidal volume. An increased ratio indicates reduced ventilatory efficiency.

Decreased tidal volume leads to increased VDaw/VTE, making it harder for the patient to remove CO2. This can happen during weaning trials when ventilatory support is decreased.

The goal of a weaning trial is to assess the patient's ability to breathe independently. Monitoring the capnogram helps determine if the patient is making sufficient progress or requires further ventilator support.

PetCO2 can be used to monitor perfusion and ventilation during transport. A decrease in PetCO2 accompanied by a decrease in VCO2 suggests a problem like ET tube displacement, decreased cardiac output, or pulmonary embolism.

An elevation of the baseline during Phase I of the capnogram indicates rebreathing of CO2. Causes can be mechanical problems or therapeutic use of mechanical dead space.

Opposing trends indicate a change in ventilation. An increase in PetCO2 while V'CO2 decreases suggests worsening ventilation, while a decrease in PetCO2 with an increase in V'CO2 indicates improved ventilation.

Synchronous trends indicate changes in CO2 production. When both PetCO2 and V'CO2 trends rise, it signifies increased production, while falling trends suggest a decrease in production.

A transient increase in V'CO2 after PEEP change indicates an improvement in the ventilation/perfusion ratio. A transient decrease in V'CO2 suggests a worsening ratio.

Volumetric CO2 monitoring detects derecruitment and recruitment of alveoli. A decrease in alveolar ventilation and V'CO2 indicates derecruitment, while V'CO2 peaks suggest recruitment during interventions like PEEP increase.

A sudden dramatic increase in V'CO2 suggests excessive work of breathing and potential respiratory decompensation, usually accompanied by visible signs of respiratory distress.