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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of a gastrostomy tube?
What is the primary purpose of a gastrostomy tube?
- To assist in wound drainage
- To compensate for inability to swallow food (correct)
- To facilitate breathing during surgery
- To provide intravenous medication
Which phase of the perioperative period begins with the decision to proceed with surgery?
Which phase of the perioperative period begins with the decision to proceed with surgery?
- Postoperative phase
- Rehabilitation phase
- Intraoperative phase
- Preoperative phase (correct)
In the context of surgical classification, what does 'elective' imply?
In the context of surgical classification, what does 'elective' imply?
- Surgery that is scheduled at the convenience of the surgeon
- Surgery that is performed in emergency circumstances
- Surgery performed due to immediate necessity
- Surgery that is not catastrophic if postponed (correct)
What defines an 'urgent' surgical procedure?
What defines an 'urgent' surgical procedure?
Which classification of surgery requires the patient to have surgery within a few weeks?
Which classification of surgery requires the patient to have surgery within a few weeks?
What is the primary purpose of informed consent in the surgical process?
What is the primary purpose of informed consent in the surgical process?
What condition would classify as an emergency surgical situation?
What condition would classify as an emergency surgical situation?
At what point does the intraoperative phase of surgery begin?
At what point does the intraoperative phase of surgery begin?
What is one way to help a patient decrease fear during a postoperative period?
What is one way to help a patient decrease fear during a postoperative period?
Which cognitive coping strategy is focused on relaxation?
Which cognitive coping strategy is focused on relaxation?
What is the primary goal of the intra-operative period?
What is the primary goal of the intra-operative period?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of administering preoperative medication?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of administering preoperative medication?
How does music serve as a cognitive coping strategy?
How does music serve as a cognitive coping strategy?
What should nursing staff do to respect a patient's cultural beliefs preoperatively?
What should nursing staff do to respect a patient's cultural beliefs preoperatively?
What is one benefit of having a patient NPO before surgery?
What is one benefit of having a patient NPO before surgery?
What ought to be avoided when implementing cognitive coping strategies?
What ought to be avoided when implementing cognitive coping strategies?
What is the primary purpose of obtaining informed consent before a surgical procedure?
What is the primary purpose of obtaining informed consent before a surgical procedure?
Which type of surgery is performed specifically to relieve pain or correct a problem?
Which type of surgery is performed specifically to relieve pain or correct a problem?
What is a crucial aspect of ensuring a patient's ability to comprehend the surgical consent process?
What is a crucial aspect of ensuring a patient's ability to comprehend the surgical consent process?
What type of surgery includes procedures like mammoplasty or facelift?
What type of surgery includes procedures like mammoplasty or facelift?
What is the role of a trained medical interpreter during the consent process?
What is the role of a trained medical interpreter during the consent process?
What is an essential requirement before performing a surgical procedure?
What is an essential requirement before performing a surgical procedure?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of obtaining informed consent?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of obtaining informed consent?
What is the aim of the pre-operative assessment?
What is the aim of the pre-operative assessment?
What is essential for obtaining informed consent before surgery?
What is essential for obtaining informed consent before surgery?
Which of the following factors is NOT typically assessed in a pre-operative assessment?
Which of the following factors is NOT typically assessed in a pre-operative assessment?
What is the main purpose of providing patient teaching about deep breathing and coughing before surgery?
What is the main purpose of providing patient teaching about deep breathing and coughing before surgery?
In which scenario would enemas typically be prescribed before surgery?
In which scenario would enemas typically be prescribed before surgery?
What is a primary goal of skin preparation before surgery?
What is a primary goal of skin preparation before surgery?
What is a key recommendation for patient mobility after surgery?
What is a key recommendation for patient mobility after surgery?
Which of the following describes an appropriate action before surgery for a patient who had fatty food?
Which of the following describes an appropriate action before surgery for a patient who had fatty food?
Which of the following should NOT be included in the informed consent document?
Which of the following should NOT be included in the informed consent document?
What is the main characteristic of a patient receiving regional anesthesia?
What is the main characteristic of a patient receiving regional anesthesia?
What is a disadvantage of epidural anesthesia?
What is a disadvantage of epidural anesthesia?
At which lumbar level is spinal anesthesia typically administered?
At which lumbar level is spinal anesthesia typically administered?
What is the primary purpose of moderate sedation?
What is the primary purpose of moderate sedation?
What distinguishes monitored anesthesia care (MAC) from other sedation methods?
What distinguishes monitored anesthesia care (MAC) from other sedation methods?
Which area does spinal anesthesia primarily affect?
Which area does spinal anesthesia primarily affect?
What is the main route of administration for moderate sedation?
What is the main route of administration for moderate sedation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of anesthesia mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of anesthesia mentioned?
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Study Notes
Anesthesia Types and Patient Awareness
- Regional Anesthesia: Patient remains awake and aware unless sedatives are used.
- Epidural Anesthesia: Involves injecting anesthesia into the epidural space. Advantages include no headache; disadvantages include technical difficulty.
- Spinal Anesthesia: Local anesthetic is delivered into the subarachnoid space (L4-L5), resulting in anesthesia of lower extremities, perineum, and lower abdomen.
Sedation Techniques
- Moderate Sedation: Known as conscious sedation; involves IV sedatives to alleviate anxiety and pain during procedures.
- Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC): Moderate sedation managed by an anesthesiologist, prepared to switch to general anesthesia if needed.
Local Anesthesia and Pain Management
- Local anesthesia is administered via injection to numb a specific area without affecting overall consciousness.
- Pain management strategies include timely medication and cognitive coping techniques to ease tension and anxiety.
Cognitive Coping Strategies
- Imagery: Focus on positive experiences to promote relaxation.
- Distraction: Engage in enjoyable stories or songs to take the mind off the procedure.
- Optimistic Self-Recitation: Use positive affirmations to foster a hopeful mindset.
- Music Therapy: Listening to soothing music to ease anxiety.
Preoperative Nursing Interventions
- Cultural and Spiritual Respect: Acknowledge and respect patient beliefs.
- Preparing for Surgery: The preoperative phase includes ensuring the patient is physically ready and informed.
Surgical Phases
- Preoperative Phase: Begins with surgical decision and ends at operating room transfer.
- Intraoperative Phase: Starts when patient is on operating table and ends in PACU.
- Postoperative Phase: Begins in PACU and concludes with clinical follow-up.
Surgical Classification
- O-E-R-U-E:
- Optional: Patient decides the surgery.
- Elective: Surgery is convenient but not urgent.
- Required: Surgery needed soon.
- Urgent: Requires attention within 24-48 hours.
- Emergency: Immediate surgical intervention is critical.
Informed Consent
- Consent is the patient’s informed autonomous decision regarding surgery.
- Must include explanation of procedure, risks, benefits, and alternatives.
- Legal requirement to protect patients and healthcare teams against malpractice.
Preoperative Assessment Goals
- Ensure optimal patient health before surgery by gathering comprehensive health histories.
- Assess nutritional status, alcohol and drug use, and respiratory and cardiovascular health.
Preoperative Nursing Interventions
- Patient Teaching: Deep breathing, coughing techniques, and use of incentive spirometry.
- Bowel Preparation: Enemas are usually prescribed for abdominal/pelvic surgeries to prevent contamination.
- Skin Preparation: Decreasing bacteria on the skin to reduce infection risk.
Patient Mobility and Recovery
- Encourage early ambulation and mobility postoperatively to minimize complications.
- Teach the importance of frequent position changes to promote circulation and recovery.
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