Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of anesthesia induction agent has the smallest MAC?
Which type of anesthesia induction agent has the smallest MAC?
- Nitrous oxide
- Sevoflurane (correct)
- Propofol
- Halothane
Which inhalational induction agent is known for causing fever, eosinophilia, and jaundice?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for causing fever, eosinophilia, and jaundice?
- Isoflurane
- Enflurane
- Sevoflurane
- Halothane (correct)
Which intravenous induction agent is known for its rapid distribution and on/off effects?
Which intravenous induction agent is known for its rapid distribution and on/off effects?
- Propofol (correct)
- Sevoflurane
- Isoflurane
- Enflurane
Which inhalational induction agent is associated with minimal myocardial depression but may cause tremors at induction?
Which inhalational induction agent is associated with minimal myocardial depression but may cause tremors at induction?
Which inhalational induction agent is considered suitable for neurosurgery due to its effect on brain oxygen consumption and intracranial pressure?
Which inhalational induction agent is considered suitable for neurosurgery due to its effect on brain oxygen consumption and intracranial pressure?
Which intravenous induction agent is associated with side effects such as hypotension, respiratory depression, and metabolic acidosis?
Which intravenous induction agent is associated with side effects such as hypotension, respiratory depression, and metabolic acidosis?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for its fast onset and offset and is less pungent compared to other agents?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for its fast onset and offset and is less pungent compared to other agents?
Which inhalational induction agent should be avoided in patients with small bowel obstruction or pneumothorax due to its tendency to diffuse into closed spaces?
Which inhalational induction agent should be avoided in patients with small bowel obstruction or pneumothorax due to its tendency to diffuse into closed spaces?
Which intravenous induction agent should be avoided in patients with egg allergy, pregnancy, or Parkinson's disease?
Which intravenous induction agent should be avoided in patients with egg allergy, pregnancy, or Parkinson's disease?
What is the mechanism of action for local anesthetics?
What is the mechanism of action for local anesthetics?
Which muscle is the last to recover from paralytics?
Which muscle is the last to recover from paralytics?
Which medication is considered safe for use in patients with head injury?
Which medication is considered safe for use in patients with head injury?
Which medication can be indicated for rapid sequence intubation in patients with delayed gastric emptying?
Which medication can be indicated for rapid sequence intubation in patients with delayed gastric emptying?
Which of the following is a side effect of succinylcholine?
Which of the following is a side effect of succinylcholine?
Which medication is used as a selective relaxant binding agent to reverse Rocuronium and Vecuronium only?
Which medication is used as a selective relaxant binding agent to reverse Rocuronium and Vecuronium only?
What is the maximum dosing of lidocaine without epinephrine?
What is the maximum dosing of lidocaine without epinephrine?
Which of the following is a side effect of local anesthetics?
Which of the following is a side effect of local anesthetics?
What is the mechanism of action for dexmedetomidine (Precedex)?
What is the mechanism of action for dexmedetomidine (Precedex)?
Which muscle is the first to go down and last to recover from paralytics?
Which muscle is the first to go down and last to recover from paralytics?
What is the most common postoperative complication in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU)?
What is the most common postoperative complication in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU)?
Which surgical setting is considered the safest in terms of minimizing the risk of electrical burns?
Which surgical setting is considered the safest in terms of minimizing the risk of electrical burns?
What is the recommended pain level for adequate pain control postoperatively?
What is the recommended pain level for adequate pain control postoperatively?
What is the leading cause of postoperative hypoxemia?
What is the leading cause of postoperative hypoxemia?
What is the most appropriate treatment for visceral pain postoperatively?
What is the most appropriate treatment for visceral pain postoperatively?
In an intubated patient undergoing surgery, a sudden drop in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) could be due to all of the following except:
In an intubated patient undergoing surgery, a sudden drop in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) could be due to all of the following except:
What is the recommended management for a small pneumothorax noticed after a laparoscopic Nissen procedure?
What is the recommended management for a small pneumothorax noticed after a laparoscopic Nissen procedure?
What could be a potential cause of a sudden transient rise in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) in an intubated patient undergoing surgery?
What could be a potential cause of a sudden transient rise in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) in an intubated patient undergoing surgery?
What is the most common cause of hypotension and a sudden drop in ETCO2 during a laparoscopic procedure?
What is the most common cause of hypotension and a sudden drop in ETCO2 during a laparoscopic procedure?
Which of the following medications is an amide?
Which of the following medications is an amide?
Which opioid should not be used in patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?
Which opioid should not be used in patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?
What is the primary function of benzodiazepines?
What is the primary function of benzodiazepines?
What are potential complications of spinal or epidural anesthesia?
What are potential complications of spinal or epidural anesthesia?
What is the biggest risk factor for postoperative myocardial infarction (MI)?
What is the biggest risk factor for postoperative myocardial infarction (MI)?
What is the primary effect of opioids on the body?
What is the primary effect of opioids on the body?
What makes esters more likely to cause allergic reactions?
What makes esters more likely to cause allergic reactions?
Which opioid is fast acting and has a strength 80 times that of morphine?
Which opioid is fast acting and has a strength 80 times that of morphine?
What should be delayed for at least 6-8 weeks after myocardial infarction (MI)?
What should be delayed for at least 6-8 weeks after myocardial infarction (MI)?
Which medication is contraindicated during pregnancy due to placental crossing?
Which medication is contraindicated during pregnancy due to placental crossing?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for its slow onset/offset, highest degree of cardiac depression and arrhythmias, and least pungent odor, making it suitable for children?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for its slow onset/offset, highest degree of cardiac depression and arrhythmias, and least pungent odor, making it suitable for children?
Which intravenous induction agent provides anesthesia and amnesia but is not an analgesic, and is associated with side effects such as hypotension, respiratory depression, and metabolic acidosis?
Which intravenous induction agent provides anesthesia and amnesia but is not an analgesic, and is associated with side effects such as hypotension, respiratory depression, and metabolic acidosis?
Which inhalational induction agent is fast, less pungent, and has less laryngospasm, making it suitable for mask induction?
Which inhalational induction agent is fast, less pungent, and has less laryngospasm, making it suitable for mask induction?
Which intravenous induction agent has side effects including hypotension, respiratory depression, and metabolic acidosis, and should be avoided in patients with egg allergy, pregnancy, or Parkinson’s disease?
Which intravenous induction agent has side effects including hypotension, respiratory depression, and metabolic acidosis, and should be avoided in patients with egg allergy, pregnancy, or Parkinson’s disease?
Which inhalational induction agent is good for neurosurgery as it lowers brain oxygen consumption without increasing intracranial pressure?
Which inhalational induction agent is good for neurosurgery as it lowers brain oxygen consumption without increasing intracranial pressure?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for its high degree of cardiac depression and arrhythmias and is contraindicated in patients with liver dysfunction due to the risk of hepatotoxicity?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for its high degree of cardiac depression and arrhythmias and is contraindicated in patients with liver dysfunction due to the risk of hepatotoxicity?
Which intravenous induction agent is associated with rapid distribution and on/off effects and can cause side effects including hypotension, respiratory depression, and metabolic acidosis?
Which intravenous induction agent is associated with rapid distribution and on/off effects and can cause side effects including hypotension, respiratory depression, and metabolic acidosis?
Which inhalational induction agent diffuses into closed spaces and should be avoided in patients with small bowel obstruction or pneumothorax?
Which inhalational induction agent diffuses into closed spaces and should be avoided in patients with small bowel obstruction or pneumothorax?
Which intravenous induction agent should be avoided in patients with egg allergy, pregnancy, or Parkinson's disease?
Which intravenous induction agent should be avoided in patients with egg allergy, pregnancy, or Parkinson's disease?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for its minimal myocardial depression but may cause tremors at induction?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for its minimal myocardial depression but may cause tremors at induction?
In an intubated patient undergoing surgery with a sudden transient rise in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), what is the most likely cause?
In an intubated patient undergoing surgery with a sudden transient rise in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), what is the most likely cause?
What is the recommended management for a small pneumothorax noticed after a laparoscopic Nissen procedure?
What is the recommended management for a small pneumothorax noticed after a laparoscopic Nissen procedure?
What is the most common postoperative complication in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU)?
What is the most common postoperative complication in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU)?
Which of the following medications is an amide?
Which of the following medications is an amide?
What is the primary effect of opioids on the body?
What is the primary effect of opioids on the body?
What is the primary cause of hypotension and a sudden drop in ETCO2 during a laparoscopic procedure?
What is the primary cause of hypotension and a sudden drop in ETCO2 during a laparoscopic procedure?
Which medication can be indicated for rapid sequence intubation in patients with delayed gastric emptying?
Which medication can be indicated for rapid sequence intubation in patients with delayed gastric emptying?
Which intravenous induction agent should be avoided in patients with egg allergy, pregnancy, or Parkinson's disease?
Which intravenous induction agent should be avoided in patients with egg allergy, pregnancy, or Parkinson's disease?
Which muscle is the last to recover from paralytics?
Which muscle is the last to recover from paralytics?
What is the mechanism of action for local anesthetics?
What is the mechanism of action for local anesthetics?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for its fast onset and offset and is less pungent compared to other agents?
Which inhalational induction agent is known for its fast onset and offset and is less pungent compared to other agents?
What could be a potential cause of a sudden transient rise in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) in an intubated patient undergoing surgery?
What could be a potential cause of a sudden transient rise in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) in an intubated patient undergoing surgery?
Which medication is used as a selective relaxant binding agent to reverse Rocuronium and Vecuronium only?
Which medication is used as a selective relaxant binding agent to reverse Rocuronium and Vecuronium only?
What could be a potential cause of a sudden transient rise in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) in an intubated patient undergoing surgery?
What could be a potential cause of a sudden transient rise in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) in an intubated patient undergoing surgery?
What is the recommended management for a small pneumothorax noticed after a laparoscopic Nissen procedure?
What is the recommended management for a small pneumothorax noticed after a laparoscopic Nissen procedure?
Which muscle is the last to recover from paralytics?
Which muscle is the last to recover from paralytics?
Which opioid should not be used in patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?
Which opioid should not be used in patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?
What is the most common cause of hypotension and a sudden drop in ETCO2 during a laparoscopic procedure?
What is the most common cause of hypotension and a sudden drop in ETCO2 during a laparoscopic procedure?
What is the primary function of benzodiazepines?
What is the primary function of benzodiazepines?
What is the maximum dosing of lidocaine without epinephrine?
What is the maximum dosing of lidocaine without epinephrine?
Which medication is known for dissociation of thalamic/limbic systems, placing the patient in a cataleptic state with amnesia and analgesia?
Which medication is known for dissociation of thalamic/limbic systems, placing the patient in a cataleptic state with amnesia and analgesia?
Which muscle is the last to go down and the first to recover from paralytics?
Which muscle is the last to go down and the first to recover from paralytics?
Which medication is a selective relaxant binding agent used to reverse Rocuronium and Vecuronium only?
Which medication is a selective relaxant binding agent used to reverse Rocuronium and Vecuronium only?
Which local anesthetic has a length of action that is longer than lidocaine but shorter than bupivacaine?
Which local anesthetic has a length of action that is longer than lidocaine but shorter than bupivacaine?
Which medication is considered safe for use with head injury and is good for children?
Which medication is considered safe for use with head injury and is good for children?
Which muscle group is the first to go down and the last to recover from paralytics?
Which muscle group is the first to go down and the last to recover from paralytics?
Which medication inhibits neuromuscular junction by competing with acetylcholine?
Which medication inhibits neuromuscular junction by competing with acetylcholine?
Which medication undergoes Hoffman elimination and can be used in liver and renal failure due to its breakdown in the blood?
Which medication undergoes Hoffman elimination and can be used in liver and renal failure due to its breakdown in the blood?
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Study Notes
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Certain medications, such as epinephrine, should not be used in patients with arrhythmias, unstable angina, uncontrolled hypertension, poor collaterals in the penis and ears, or uteroplacental insufficiency.
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Amides, which have an "i" in the first part of their names, include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine. They rarely cause allergic reactions.
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Esters, which do not have an "i" in the first part of their names, include tetracaine, procaine, and cocaine. They increase the risk of allergic reactions due to the presence of PABA analogues.
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Opioids, also known as narcotics, include morphine, fentanyl, Demerol (meperidine), codeine, and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). They are all CNS mu-opioid receptor agonists, providing profound analgesia and respiratory depression with no cardiac effects.
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Opioids are metabolized by the liver and excreted via the kidneys. Overdose of opioids can be treated with the mu-opioid receptor antagonist Narcan (naloxone).
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Opioids, especially Demerol, should not be used in patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk of hyperpyrexic coma.
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Morphine offers analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, miosis (pupil constriction), constipation, and histamine release. Demerol provides analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, miosis, tremors, fasciculations, and convulsions.
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Methadone and fentanyl are also opioids. Methadone simulates morphine and is less euphoric. Fentanyl is fast acting, and its strength is 80 times that of morphine.
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Benzodiazepines are used as anticonvulsants, amnesics, anxiolytics, and muscle relaxants. They are respiratory depressants but not analgesics. They act on the GABA receptor in the CNS.
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Versed (midazolam) is a short-acting benzodiazepine and is contraindicated during pregnancy due to placental crossing.
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Epidural anesthesia allows analgesia through sympathetic denervation and vasodilation, but it can cause respiratory depression and hypotension. Morphine in epidural anesthesia can lead to respiratory depression. Lidocaine in epidural anesthesia can cause decreased heart rate and blood pressure.
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Epidural and spinal anesthesia have complications, such as hypotension, headache, urinary retention, and respiratory depression. Spinal headaches are a common complication caused by CSF leaks after spinal or epidural anesthesia.
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Preoperative complications include renal failure and congestive heart failure, which are associated with most postoperative hospital mortality. Postoperative MI can happen intraoperatively or postoperatively and may cause no chest pain, hypotension, arrhythmias, elevated filling pressures, oliguria, and bradycardia.
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Elective surgery should be delayed for at least 6-8 weeks after myocardial infarction (MI). Biggest risk factors for postoperative MI are uncompensated CHF, recent MI, age > 70, DM, previous MI, unstable angina, Cr > 2, stroke/TIA, or aortic and peripheral vascular surgeries.
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Beta-blockers are effective agents for preventing intraoperative and postoperative cardiovascular events.
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ASA Physical Status (PS) classes range from healthy (Class 1) to moribund (Class 5), and most aortic and peripheral vascular surgeries are considered high risk. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is considered moderate risk surgery.
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Certain medications, such as epinephrine, should not be used in patients with arrhythmias, unstable angina, uncontrolled hypertension, poor collaterals in the penis and ears, or uteroplacental insufficiency.
-
Amides, which have an "i" in the first part of their names, include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine. They rarely cause allergic reactions.
-
Esters, which do not have an "i" in the first part of their names, include tetracaine, procaine, and cocaine. They increase the risk of allergic reactions due to the presence of PABA analogues.
-
Opioids, also known as narcotics, include morphine, fentanyl, Demerol (meperidine), codeine, and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). They are all CNS mu-opioid receptor agonists, providing profound analgesia and respiratory depression with no cardiac effects.
-
Opioids are metabolized by the liver and excreted via the kidneys. Overdose of opioids can be treated with the mu-opioid receptor antagonist Narcan (naloxone).
-
Opioids, especially Demerol, should not be used in patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk of hyperpyrexic coma.
-
Morphine offers analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, miosis (pupil constriction), constipation, and histamine release. Demerol provides analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, miosis, tremors, fasciculations, and convulsions.
-
Methadone and fentanyl are also opioids. Methadone simulates morphine and is less euphoric. Fentanyl is fast acting, and its strength is 80 times that of morphine.
-
Benzodiazepines are used as anticonvulsants, amnesics, anxiolytics, and muscle relaxants. They are respiratory depressants but not analgesics. They act on the GABA receptor in the CNS.
-
Versed (midazolam) is a short-acting benzodiazepine and is contraindicated during pregnancy due to placental crossing.
-
Epidural anesthesia allows analgesia through sympathetic denervation and vasodilation, but it can cause respiratory depression and hypotension. Morphine in epidural anesthesia can lead to respiratory depression. Lidocaine in epidural anesthesia can cause decreased heart rate and blood pressure.
-
Epidural and spinal anesthesia have complications, such as hypotension, headache, urinary retention, and respiratory depression. Spinal headaches are a common complication caused by CSF leaks after spinal or epidural anesthesia.
-
Preoperative complications include renal failure and congestive heart failure, which are associated with most postoperative hospital mortality. Postoperative MI can happen intraoperatively or postoperatively and may cause no chest pain, hypotension, arrhythmias, elevated filling pressures, oliguria, and bradycardia.
-
Elective surgery should be delayed for at least 6-8 weeks after myocardial infarction (MI). Biggest risk factors for postoperative MI are uncompensated CHF, recent MI, age > 70, DM, previous MI, unstable angina, Cr > 2, stroke/TIA, or aortic and peripheral vascular surgeries.
-
Beta-blockers are effective agents for preventing intraoperative and postoperative cardiovascular events.
-
ASA Physical Status (PS) classes range from healthy (Class 1) to moribund (Class 5), and most aortic and peripheral vascular surgeries are considered high risk. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is considered moderate risk surgery.
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