Anemias and their Causes
86 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of anemia in iron deficiency anemia?

  • Decreased ability to utilize iron
  • Decreased intake or absorption of iron (correct)
  • Increased production of cytokines
  • Decreased production of globin chains

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of anemia of chronic disease?

  • Microcytic and hypochromic blood cells
  • Increased production of hemoglobin
  • Relative iron deficiency due to inflammation (correct)
  • Macrocytic and normochromic blood cells

    • What is the primary mechanism of action in thalassemia?

  • Decreased production of hemoglobin due to decreased iron levels
  • Increased production of cytokines leading to anemia
  • Decreased production of globin chains leading to hemolysis (correct)
  • Inflammation leading to decreased iron availability

    • What is the primary effect of folate deficiency on RBC production?

    <p>Decreased production of DNA leading to decreased RBC production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of anemia of chronic disease in terms of RBC morphology?

    <p>Microcytic and hypochromic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Decreased production of hemoglobin due to decreased iron levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary presentation of severe iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Fatigue, tachycardia, and hemodynamic instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thalassemia on RBC production?

    <p>Decreased production of globin chains leading to hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in sickle cell disease?

    <p>Abnormal HbS with Abnormal B chain clumping together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of hemoglobin electrophoresis in a patient with sickle cell disease?

    <p>Only HbS is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of inheritance of sickle cell disease?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait?

    <p>Sickle cell trait has a lower risk of vasoocclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of a CBC in a patient with polycythemia vera?

    <p>Elevated RBC, HB, and HCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of jaundice in sickle cell disease?

    <p>Increased unconjugated bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of iron studies in a patient with iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Low ferritin, high transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of vasoocclusion in sickle cell disease?

    <p>Tissue ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of a CBC in a patient with alpha-thalassemia?

    <p>Low RBC, HB, and HCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in polycythemia vera?

    <p>Excessive proliferation of RBC in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of iron deficiency anemia in children?

    <p>Cognitive and physical developmental delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of thalassemia?

    <p>Low RBC, HB, and HCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of jaundice in sickle cell disease?

    <p>Increased unconjugated bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of sickle cell disease?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in polycythemia vera?

    <p>Excessive proliferation of RBCs in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of hemoglobin electrophoresis in a patient with alpha-thalassemia?

    <p>All Hb types reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait?

    <p>Sickle cell disease has two mutated genes, while sickle cell trait has one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Decreased iron storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of a CBC in a patient with anemia of chronic disease?

    <p>Low RBC, HB, and HCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of vasoocclusion in sickle cell disease?

    <p>Tissue ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism underlying the development of anemia in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Low iron levels lead to decreased hemoglobin production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of anemia of chronic disease?

    <p>Relative iron deficiency due to decreased utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thalassemia on RBC production?

    <p>Decreased production of hemoglobin due to impaired globin chain synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in folate deficiency?

    <p>Unability to make DNA at a normal rate, leading to reduced RBC production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of anemia of chronic disease in terms of RBC morphology?

    <p>Normocytic and normochromic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism underlying the development of anemia in thalassemia?

    <p>Decreased production of hemoglobin due to impaired globin chain synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary presentation of mild iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of chronic bleeding in terms of iron deficiency?

    <p>Increased loss of iron leading to iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in sickle cell disease?

    <p>Abnormal HbS with Abnormal B chain clump together causing sickling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of iron studies in a patient with anemia of chronic disease?

    <p>High Ferritin, Low Transferrin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of jaundice in sickle cell disease?

    <p>RBC die prematurely causing too much Unconjugated Bilirubin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of vasoocclusion in sickle cell disease?

    <p>Tissue ischemia and infarction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait?

    <p>Sickle cell disease has 80% HbS and 20% HbA, while sickle cell trait has 20% HbS and 80% HbA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in polycythemia vera?

    <p>Excessive proliferation of RBC in bone marrow due to normal Erythropoietin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of anemia of chronic disease in terms of RBC morphology?

    <p>Normocytic and Normochromic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thalassemia on RBC production?

    <p>RBC production is decreased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>RBC destruction in the bone marrow due to lack of iron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary presentation of severe iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Pallor, Tiredness, and Tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of chronic infections on iron availability in anemia of chronic disease?

    <p>Inhibition of iron release from hepatic storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in thalassemia?

    <p>Decreased production of globin chains leading to decreased hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of folate deficiency on red blood cell production?

    <p>Macrocytic and normochromic red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of iron deficiency anemia in terms of red blood cell morphology?

    <p>Microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in B12 deficiency?

    <p>Inhibition of DNA synthesis leading to decreased red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary presentation of severe iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Fatigue, tachycardia, heart murmur, and pallor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of increased iron loss in chronic bleeding?

    <p>Absolute iron deficiency leading to decreased red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in anemia of chronic disease?

    <p>Inhibition of iron release from hepatic storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thalassemia on red blood cell production?

    <p>Decreased production of red blood cells due to decreased hemoglobin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of anemia of chronic disease in terms of red blood cell morphology?

    <p>Normocytic and normochromic red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does SCD become symptomatic?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of jaundice in SCD?

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of hemoglobin electrophoresis in a patient with SCD?

    <p>Only HbS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in Polycythemia Vera?

    <p>Excessive proliferation of RBC in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between SCD and SCT?

    <p>Number of abnormal genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of vaso-occlusion in SCD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action in Secondary Polycythemia?

    <p>Chronic hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary presentation of SCD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for Thrombosis in Polycythemia Vera?

    <p>Increased viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of SCD in terms of RBC morphology?

    <p>Abnormal but not a quantity issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of anemia in patients with chronic renal failure?

    <p>Low level of erythropoietin (EPO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

    <p>Macrocytic anemia with neurological symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Absolute iron deficiency leading to decreased red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of folate deficiency anemia?

    <p>Macrocytic anemia with pallor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of thalassemia?

    <p>Decreased globin chains leading to decreased red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause bone marrow suppression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of lead poisoning anemia?

    <p>Inhibition of heme synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of iron regulation in the body?

    <p>Hepcidin stops extra iron absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia in pregnant women?

    <p>Neural tube defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of diagnosis for folate deficiency anemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of anemia of chronic disease?

    <p>Relative iron deficiency due to decreased ability to utilize iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of iron studies in a patient with iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Decreased ferritin and increased transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of sickle cell disease?

    <p>Defect in the structure of hemoglobin, leading to sickling of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result of a CBC in a patient with anemia of chronic disease?

    <p>Low RBC, Hb, and HCT, with normocytic normochromic red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of chronic infections on iron availability in anemia of chronic disease?

    <p>Decreased ability to utilize iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of vasoocclusion in sickle cell disease?

    <p>Tissue ischemia and organ damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of iron deficiency anemia in terms of red blood cell morphology?

    <p>Microcytic hypochromic red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of anemia in thalassemia?

    <p>Defect in the structure of hemoglobin, leading to increased destruction of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thalassemia on red blood cell production?

    <p>Decreased production of red blood cells due to defects in hemoglobin structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of anemia of chronic disease in terms of RBC morphology?

    <p>Normocytic normochromic red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Caused by absolute iron deficiency, leading to decreased RBC production
    • Can be caused by decreased intake, absorption, or increased loss in chronic bleeding
    • Mechanism: low iron levels lead to less HB and RBC production, resulting in microcytic and hypochromic blood cells
    • Presentation: mild (asymptomatic), severe (fatigue, tachycardia, hemic murmur, pallor)
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low RBC, low HB, low HCT), iron studies (low ferritin, high transferrin)

    Anemia of Chronic Disease

    • Caused by relative iron deficiency, inability to utilize iron
    • Caused by infections, cancers, and inflammatory conditions
    • Mechanism: chronic infections lead to inhibition of iron release, causing decreased iron availability for RBC production
    • Presentation: mild (asymptomatic), severe (patients with heart disease may have angina, dyspnea, tachycardia)
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low RBC, HB, HCT), iron studies (high ferritin, low transferrin, low TIBC)

    Thalassemia

    • Caused by decreased production of globin chains, leading to decreased hemoglobin
    • Can lead to hemolysis, compensation, and bone marrow expansion
    • Presentation: growth retardation, skull deformities, splenomegaly, tachycardia, heart failure
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low HB, HCT, elevated RBC), sizing/color (hypochromic/microcytic), iron studies (normal ferritin/TIBC), hemoglobin electrophoresis (reduced HbA, increased HbA2 and HbF)
    • Patterns of inheritance: inherited disorder of hemoglobin, seen in Africans, South Asians, and Mediterranean populations

    Folate Deficiency and B12 Deficiency

    • Caused by inability to make DNA at a normal rate, leading to reduced RBC production
    • Can lead to macrocytic cells, but normochromic
    • Presentation: pallor, tiredness, tachycardia, pregnancy (neural tube defects), neurological symptoms (demyelination of spinal cord and peripheral nerves)
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low HB, low RBC, low HCT), sizing/color (macrocytic, normochromic)

    Sickle Cell Disease

    • Caused by abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) with abnormal B chain, leading to sickling
    • Can lead to chronic hemolysis, vasoocclusion, and jaundice
    • Presentation: growth retardation, jaundice, chest syndrome, painful crisis, strokes, autosplenectomy, and risk of infections
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low RBC, HB, HCT, ^ reticulate), sizing (sickle), blood chemistry (increased unconjugated serum bilirubin), hemoglobin electrophoresis (HbS only)
    • Patterns of inheritance: inherited autosomal recessive, two mutated genes from each parent needed to have the disease

    Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Caused by absolute iron deficiency, leading to decreased RBC production
    • Can be caused by decreased intake, absorption, or increased loss in chronic bleeding
    • Mechanism: low iron levels lead to less HB and RBC production, resulting in microcytic and hypochromic blood cells
    • Presentation: mild (asymptomatic), severe (fatigue, tachycardia, hemic murmur, pallor)
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low RBC, low HB, low HCT), iron studies (low ferritin, high transferrin)

    Anemia of Chronic Disease

    • Caused by relative iron deficiency, inability to utilize iron
    • Caused by infections, cancers, and inflammatory conditions
    • Mechanism: chronic infections lead to inhibition of iron release, causing decreased iron availability for RBC production
    • Presentation: mild (asymptomatic), severe (patients with heart disease may have angina, dyspnea, tachycardia)
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low RBC, HB, HCT), iron studies (high ferritin, low transferrin, low TIBC)

    Thalassemia

    • Caused by decreased production of globin chains, leading to decreased hemoglobin
    • Can lead to hemolysis, compensation, and bone marrow expansion
    • Presentation: growth retardation, skull deformities, splenomegaly, tachycardia, heart failure
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low HB, HCT, elevated RBC), sizing/color (hypochromic/microcytic), iron studies (normal ferritin/TIBC), hemoglobin electrophoresis (reduced HbA, increased HbA2 and HbF)
    • Patterns of inheritance: inherited disorder of hemoglobin, seen in Africans, South Asians, and Mediterranean populations

    Folate Deficiency and B12 Deficiency

    • Caused by inability to make DNA at a normal rate, leading to reduced RBC production
    • Can lead to macrocytic cells, but normochromic
    • Presentation: pallor, tiredness, tachycardia, pregnancy (neural tube defects), neurological symptoms (demyelination of spinal cord and peripheral nerves)
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low HB, low RBC, low HCT), sizing/color (macrocytic, normochromic)

    Sickle Cell Disease

    • Caused by abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) with abnormal B chain, leading to sickling
    • Can lead to chronic hemolysis, vasoocclusion, and jaundice
    • Presentation: growth retardation, jaundice, chest syndrome, painful crisis, strokes, autosplenectomy, and risk of infections
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low RBC, HB, HCT, ^ reticulate), sizing (sickle), blood chemistry (increased unconjugated serum bilirubin), hemoglobin electrophoresis (HbS only)
    • Patterns of inheritance: inherited autosomal recessive, two mutated genes from each parent needed to have the disease

    Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Caused by absolute iron deficiency, leading to decreased RBC production
    • Can be caused by decreased intake, absorption, or increased loss in chronic bleeding
    • Mechanism: low iron levels lead to less HB and RBC production, resulting in microcytic and hypochromic blood cells
    • Presentation: mild (asymptomatic), severe (fatigue, tachycardia, hemic murmur, pallor)
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low RBC, low HB, low HCT), iron studies (low ferritin, high transferrin)

    Anemia of Chronic Disease

    • Caused by relative iron deficiency, inability to utilize iron
    • Caused by infections, cancers, and inflammatory conditions
    • Mechanism: chronic infections lead to inhibition of iron release, causing decreased iron availability for RBC production
    • Presentation: mild (asymptomatic), severe (patients with heart disease may have angina, dyspnea, tachycardia)
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low RBC, HB, HCT), iron studies (high ferritin, low transferrin, low TIBC)

    Thalassemia

    • Caused by decreased production of globin chains, leading to decreased hemoglobin
    • Can lead to hemolysis, compensation, and bone marrow expansion
    • Presentation: growth retardation, skull deformities, splenomegaly, tachycardia, heart failure
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low HB, HCT, elevated RBC), sizing/color (hypochromic/microcytic), iron studies (normal ferritin/TIBC), hemoglobin electrophoresis (reduced HbA, increased HbA2 and HbF)
    • Patterns of inheritance: inherited disorder of hemoglobin, seen in Africans, South Asians, and Mediterranean populations

    Folate Deficiency and B12 Deficiency

    • Caused by inability to make DNA at a normal rate, leading to reduced RBC production
    • Can lead to macrocytic cells, but normochromic
    • Presentation: pallor, tiredness, tachycardia, pregnancy (neural tube defects), neurological symptoms (demyelination of spinal cord and peripheral nerves)
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low HB, low RBC, low HCT), sizing/color (macrocytic, normochromic)

    Sickle Cell Disease

    • Caused by abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) with abnormal B chain, leading to sickling
    • Can lead to chronic hemolysis, vasoocclusion, and jaundice
    • Presentation: growth retardation, jaundice, chest syndrome, painful crisis, strokes, autosplenectomy, and risk of infections
    • Diagnostic tests: CBC (low RBC, HB, HCT, ^ reticulate), sizing (sickle), blood chemistry (increased unconjugated serum bilirubin), hemoglobin electrophoresis (HbS only)
    • Patterns of inheritance: inherited autosomal recessive, two mutated genes from each parent needed to have the disease

    Anemia

    • Decreased production of Red Blood Cells (RBC) can lead to anemia
      • Causes:
        • Bone marrow suppression
        • Cancer cells impacting bone marrow
        • Drugs (anticonvulsants, chemo, toxins, and viruses)
        • Low level of erythropoietin (EPO)
        • Chronic Renal Failure
        • Ineffective erythropoiesis in the bone marrow
        • Iron Deficiency anemia
        • Lead poisoning
        • Thalassemia
        • B12 deficiency anemia
        • Folate deficiency anemia

    Mechanism of Folate and Vitamin B12 Anemias

    • Folate and B12 are required for DNA synthesis
    • DNA is needed for normal RBC division
    • Blood smear characteristics:
      • Macrocystic: large RBC due to ineffective division
      • Normochromic: normal Hb formation

    Presentation of Folate and Vitamin B12 Deficiencies

    • Folate deficiency:
      • Pallor, tiredness, tachycardia
      • Preterm neural tube defects
      • No neurological symptoms
    • B12 deficiency:
      • Pallor, tiredness, tachycardia
      • Neurological symptoms: demyelination of spinal cord and peripheral nerves (paresthesia, numbness, ataxia, dementia)

    Diagnosis of Folate and Vitamin B12 Deficiencies

    • Decreased RBC, Hb, HCT
    • MCV > 100 FL (macrocytic anemia)
    • Decreased WBC and platelets
    • Low levels of Folate and B12 to confirm diagnosis

    Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Most common type of anemia
    • Mechanism:
      • Low iron leads to decreased Hb and RBC production
      • Small, pale RBC (microcytic and hypochromic)

    Regulation of Iron

    • Dietary sources: heme iron from meats, non-heme iron from plants
    • Absorption: duodenum; 1-2mg/day
    • Regulation: hepcidin stops excess absorption; iron is lost in skin and GI cells

    Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Insufficient intake of iron (vegans, breastfeeding infants)
    • Decreased iron absorption:
      • Damage to duodenal mucosal cells (celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease)
      • Decreased production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach (gastric resection/bypass)
    • Increased demand for RBC:
      • Slow chronic blood loss (menstrual, colon cancer, peptic ulcer)

    Presentation of Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Mild: asymptomatic
    • Severe:
      • Fatigue, tachycardia, hemic murmur, pallor, chest pain (in CAD)
      • PICA (pica eating disorder)
      • Cognitive and physical developmental delay in children

    Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Low Hb, HCT
    • Low MCV (microcytic RBC)
    • Iron studies:
      • Low ferritin (decreased iron storage)
      • High transferrin (increased iron transport)
      • High TIBC (total iron binding capacity)

    Anemia of Chronic Disease

    • 2nd most common type of anemia
    • Mechanism:
      • Decreased ability to utilize iron
      • Inflammatory mediators inhibit release of iron from hepatic storage
    • Causes:
      • Chronic infections (Hep C, Hep B, HIV, TB, osteomyelitis)
      • Chronic inflammatory conditions (RA, lupus, IBD)
      • Cancer
    • Presentation:
      • Usually asymptomatic
      • Heart disease: angina, dyspnea, tachycardia
    • Diagnosis:
      • Low RBC, Hb, HCT
      • MCV: normal or slightly decreased
      • Iron studies:
        • Increased ferritin (excess iron storage)
        • Decreased transferrin (decreased iron supply)
        • Decreased TIBC

    Increased Destruction of RBC (Hemolysis)

    • Second mechanism of anemia
    • Inherited:
      • Sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hemolysis)
      • Thalassemia (intramedullary hemolysis)
    • Acquired:
      • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
      • Mechanical trauma to RBC
      • Medications
      • Infections (malaria)

    Sickle Cell Disease

    • Autosomal recessive inherited disorder
    • Mutated gene for B globin
    • Abnormal HbS, no normal HbA production
    • Pathological changes:
      • Chronic hemolysis
      • Abnormal HbS with abnormal B chain
      • Sickling of RBC
      • RBC are sickle-shaped and rigid
      • Obstruction of blood flow
      • Tissue ischemia
    • Worsened by acidosis, dehydration, hypoxia
    • Presentation:
      • Symptomatic after 6 months of life
      • Growth retardation
      • Jaundice
      • Chest syndrome and pulmonary hypertension
      • Vaso-occlusive painful crisis
      • Stroke
      • Auto-splenectomy and risk of infections
      • Renal failure
    • Diagnosis:
      • Low RBC, Hb, HCT
      • MCV: normal (not a quantity issue, but a quality issue)
      • High reticulocyte count
      • Serum bilirubin increased
      • Hemoglobin electrophoresis confirms diagnosis

    Sickle Cell Trait

    • Carrier state
    • One abnormal gene
    • HbS: 20%, HbA: 80%

    Polycythemia

    • Increased RBC, Hb, HCT
    • Types:
      • Polycythemia vera
      • Secondary polycythemia

    Polycythemia Vera

    • Mechanism:
      • Excessive proliferation of RBC in bone marrow
      • Overproduction of RBC despite normal erythropoietin
    • Presentation:
      • Uncontrolled production of RBC
      • Risks of thrombosis
    • Secondary polycythemia:
      • Chronic hypoxemia
      • Triggering kidney to produce more erythropoietin
      • Asymptomatic or flushed skin or headaches

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers different types of anemia, their causes and effects on the body. Learn about iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, and folate and B12 deficiency.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser