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During which period of Ancient Greek Art did figures such as kouros and kore begin wearing the archaic smile?
During which period of Ancient Greek Art did figures such as kouros and kore begin wearing the archaic smile?
Who is credited with writing 'The Canon', a treatise on the proportions of the human body in Ancient Greek Art around 450 B.C.?
Who is credited with writing 'The Canon', a treatise on the proportions of the human body in Ancient Greek Art around 450 B.C.?
Polykleitos
The Classical Era in Ancient Greek Art is known for idealized and perfected sculptures.
The Classical Era in Ancient Greek Art is known for idealized and perfected sculptures.
True
The Late Classical Art marked a transition from the high classical era to the ______ era.
The Late Classical Art marked a transition from the high classical era to the ______ era.
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Match the following Ancient Greek artists with their famous works:
Match the following Ancient Greek artists with their famous works:
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Who is considered the undisputed masterpiece of the series that consists of scenes like Allegory of Good Government and Allegory of Bad Government?
Who is considered the undisputed masterpiece of the series that consists of scenes like Allegory of Good Government and Allegory of Bad Government?
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Which Italian painter was a major figure in the development of early Italian painting and greatly influenced the International Gothic style?
Which Italian painter was a major figure in the development of early Italian painting and greatly influenced the International Gothic style?
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Lorenzo Ghiberti was known as the creator of two sets of bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery.
Lorenzo Ghiberti was known as the creator of two sets of bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery.
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Donatello was the first sculptor to create a freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity. His famous sculpture is named __________.
Donatello was the first sculptor to create a freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity. His famous sculpture is named __________.
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Match the following Italian Renaissance artists with their notable works:
Match the following Italian Renaissance artists with their notable works:
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During which period did Romanesque art flourish in Europe?
During which period did Romanesque art flourish in Europe?
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Who is considered one of the earliest sculptors in Italy to produce large-format architectural sculptures during the Romanesque period?
Who is considered one of the earliest sculptors in Italy to produce large-format architectural sculptures during the Romanesque period?
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Cimabue is generally regarded as one of the last Italian painters to break from the Italo-Byzantine style.
Cimabue is generally regarded as one of the last Italian painters to break from the Italo-Byzantine style.
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The Romanesque style was the first style to spread across _ Europe, from Sicily to Scandinavia.
The Romanesque style was the first style to spread across _ Europe, from Sicily to Scandinavia.
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Match the following Italian artist with their respective description:
Match the following Italian artist with their respective description:
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Sandro Botticelli was known for his paintings embodying grace and elegance. Which of the following paintings by Botticelli is an allegory of spring?
Sandro Botticelli was known for his paintings embodying grace and elegance. Which of the following paintings by Botticelli is an allegory of spring?
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Leonardo da Vinci is widely regarded as one of the greatest painters in the history of art.
Leonardo da Vinci is widely regarded as one of the greatest painters in the history of art.
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Who was Leonardo da Vinci's most famous pupil?
Who was Leonardo da Vinci's most famous pupil?
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Andrea Mantegna experimented with lowering the horizon in order to create a sense of greater ____________ in his paintings.
Andrea Mantegna experimented with lowering the horizon in order to create a sense of greater ____________ in his paintings.
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Match the following artists with their respective masterpieces:
Match the following artists with their respective masterpieces:
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What type of scenes were a speciality of Giorgione in the Venean School?
What type of scenes were a speciality of Giorgione in the Venean School?
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Who was considered the most accomplished artist of the High Renaissance by contemporary biographers?
Who was considered the most accomplished artist of the High Renaissance by contemporary biographers?
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________ was one of the significant artists of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting.
________ was one of the significant artists of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting.
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Match the artist to their famous painting:
Match the artist to their famous painting:
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Giorgione was one of the most mysterious figures in European art.
Giorgione was one of the most mysterious figures in European art.
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Which artist is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century?
Which artist is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century?
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Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio is known mononymously as Caravaggio.
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio is known mononymously as Caravaggio.
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Name the Italian painter who was active in Rome and known for his dramatic use of lighting.
Name the Italian painter who was active in Rome and known for his dramatic use of lighting.
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Annibale Carracci was one of the progenitors of a leading strand of the Baroque style, borrowing from styles from both ______ and south of their native city.
Annibale Carracci was one of the progenitors of a leading strand of the Baroque style, borrowing from styles from both ______ and south of their native city.
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Match the following painters with their respective paintings:
Match the following painters with their respective paintings:
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Who is considered one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture?
Who is considered one of the key figures in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture?
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Diego Velázquez was a Spanish artist of the Baroque period.
Diego Velázquez was a Spanish artist of the Baroque period.
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Who was the first woman to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence?
Who was the first woman to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence?
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______ is considered one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age.
______ is considered one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age.
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Match the following artists with their specialties:
Match the following artists with their specialties:
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What movement had a significant and complex effect on politics, influencing conservatism, liberalism, radicalism, and nationalism?
What movement had a significant and complex effect on politics, influencing conservatism, liberalism, radicalism, and nationalism?
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Who was the French Romantic artist regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school?
Who was the French Romantic artist regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school?
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Romanticism revived medievalism and juxtaposed a pastoral conception of a more 'authentic' European past.
Romanticism revived medievalism and juxtaposed a pastoral conception of a more 'authentic' European past.
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The artist ______ was known for his German Romantic landscape paintings.
The artist ______ was known for his German Romantic landscape paintings.
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Who was a French painter known for late Rococo paintings with exuberance and veiled eroticism?
Who was a French painter known for late Rococo paintings with exuberance and veiled eroticism?
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Which Italian painter from the Republic of Venice is considered an important member of the 18th-century Venetian school?
Which Italian painter from the Republic of Venice is considered an important member of the 18th-century Venetian school?
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Jacques-Louis David aligned himself with Napoleon and developed the Empire style of painting.
Jacques-Louis David aligned himself with Napoleon and developed the Empire style of painting.
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Antonio Canova was a renowned Italian neoclassical ________.
Antonio Canova was a renowned Italian neoclassical ________.
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Match the following sculptures with their respective works:
Match the following sculptures with their respective works:
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Study Notes
Ancient Greek Art (610-31 BC)
- Divided into three periods: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic
- Archaic Period (610-480 BC):
- Inspired by Egyptian and Mesopotamian art
- Free-standing figures with solid and frontal stance
- Introduced the "archaic smile" (no specific appropriateness to the person or situation)
- Three types of figures: standing nude male youth (kouros), standing draped girl (kore), and seated woman
- Classical Era (480-323 BC):
- Regarded as the highest point in the development of sculptural art in Ancient Greece
- Started with the Canon, a treatise on human body proportions written by Polykleitos
- Ended with the death of Alexander the Great
- Characterized as idealized and perfected
- Famous artists: Iktinos (architect of the Parthenon) and Phidias (sculptor of the Athena Parthenos)
- Late Classical Art (400-323 BC):
- Transition from high classical to Hellenistic era
- Famous artists: Lysippos and Praxiteles
- Characterized by leaner figures, smaller heads, and attention to details like eyelids and toenails
Hellenistic Era (323-30 BC)
- Covers the time after Classical Greece and before the Roman Empire
- Started with the death of Alexander the Great and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII
- Characterized by the development of new techniques, refinement of human anatomy, and emotional expression
- Famous works: The Altar of Pergamon, Barberini Faun, and Laocoön and His Sons
- The Alexander Mosaic (c. 120-100 BC) is a combination of different artistic traditions
Roman Sculpture (30 BC-476 AD)
- Early Empire (27 BCE-96 CE):
- Blend of Greek influences and Roman innovation
- Portraiture became increasingly realistic
- Augustan art revived classical ideals
- High Empire (98-192 CE):
- Sculptures became more dynamic and idealized
- Explored themes of heroism, piety, and philosophical contemplation
- Portraits became more refined
- Late Antiquity (193-476 CE):
- Sculptures became more stylized and symbolic
- Reflected Eastern influences and religious themes
- Portraiture persisted but became less naturalistic
Early and High Imperial Sculpture (30 BC-192 AD)
- Characterized by a blend of Greek influences and Roman innovation
- Portraiture became increasingly realistic
- Famous works: Augustus of Primaporta, Ara Pacis, and Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
Late Antiquity Art (193-476 AD)
- Characterized by stylized and symbolic sculptures
- Reflected Eastern influences and religious themes
- Famous works: Ludovisi Sarcophagus, Arch of Constantine, and The Four Tetrarchs
- The Colossus of Constantine (315 AD) is an example of the Constantinian style
Early Medieval Ages (476-1000 AD)
- Characterized by population decline, counterurbanisation, and the collapse of centralised authority
- Saw the rise of new kingdoms and the blending of Roman civilization and invaders' traditions
- The Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) survived but lost the Middle East and North Africa to Muslim conquerors
- The Carolingian dynasty of the Franks reunited much of the Western Roman lands but the empire quickly fell apart
Romanesque Art (1000-1200 AD)
- Emerged in the 11th century as a response to the Carolingian Renaissance
- Characterized by round-headed arches, barrel vaults, and apses
- Influenced by Roman and Byzantine architectural traditions
- Famous works: Wiligelmo's sculptures on the west facade of Modena Cathedral and Antelami's doorways and allegorical figures on the Parma Baptistery
Proto-Renaissance and Florence & Siena Schools of Painting (1300-1425)
- Marked a shift towards naturalism and the revival of classical artistic principles
- Artists began to explore perspective, anatomy, and composition with greater realism
- Famous artists: Cimabue, Giotto, Simone Martini, and the Lorenzetti brothers
- The Siena school emphasized graceful figures, elegant drapery, and luminous colors
- The Florence school favored a more naturalistic and empirical approach to painting
- Famous works: Cimabue's Santa Trinita Maestà and Giotto's decoration of the Scrovegni Chapel### Giotto
- Painted frescoes in St Francis of Assisi Basilica, depicting the Legend of St Francis
- Painted frescoes in Scrovegni Chapel, Padua, depicting the Life of Jesus Christ
- Painted frescoes in Peruzzi and Bardi Chapels, Santa Croce Basilica, Florence
- Painted a crucifix in Santa Maria Novella, Florence
Duccio di Buoninsegna
- Italian painter active in Siena, Tuscany, in the late 13th and early 14th century
- Created the painting style of Trecento and the Sienese school
- Contributed to the Sienese Gothic style
- Noted for his work, Maestà, and Rucellai Madonna
Pietro Lorenzetti
- Italian painter active between 1306 and 1345
- Introduced naturalism into Sienese art alongside his brother Ambrogio
- Painted "The Birth of the Virgin", "Deposition from the Cross", and "The Capture of Christ"
Ambrogio Lorenzetti
- Italian painter of the Sienese school
- Painted "The Allegory of Good and Bad Government" in the Sala dei Nove, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena
- Series consists of six different scenes, including "Allegory of Good Government" and "Effects of Good Government in the City"
Simone Martini
- Italian painter born in Siena
- Major figure in the development of early Italian painting
- Influenced the development of the International Gothic style
- Noted for his work, "The Annunciation with St. Margaret and St. Ansanus", and "Guidoriccio da Fogliano at the siege of Montemassi"
Nicola and Giovanni Pisano
- Nicola Pisano was an Italian sculptor known for his classical Roman sculptural style
- Pisano's work is noted for its fusion of classical motifs with Christian themes
- Noted for his work, the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistery, and the Siena Cathedral Pulpit
Renaissance Art
- Emerged in Italy between 1400 and 1495
- Characterized by the use of bronze, perspective, and humanism
- Influenced by classical Roman and Greek art
- Noted for its naturalism, solidity of form, and use of light and shadow
Lorenzo Ghiberti
- Italian Renaissance sculptor from Florence
- Created the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery, known as the Gates of Paradise
- Trained as a goldsmith and sculptor
- Established an important workshop for sculpture in metal
Masaccio
- Italian painter born in Florence
- Regarded as the first great Italian painter of the Quattrocento period
- Introduced humanism and naturalism into painting
- Noted for his work, "The Holy Trinity", and "The Expulsion"
Donatello
- Italian sculptor of the Renaissance period
- Developed an Early Renaissance style of sculpture
- Created the first freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity, "David"
- Noted for his work, "St. George", and "Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata"
Fra Angelico
- Dominican friar and Italian painter of the Early Renaissance
- Described by Vasari as having "a rare and perfect talent"
- Noted for his series of frescoes in the San Marco convent, Florence
- Painted works such as "San Marco Altarpiece", and "Annunciation"
Paolo Uccello
- Italian painter and mathematician
- Pioneered the use of visual perspective in art
- Noted for his work, "The Battle of San Romano", and "The Hunt in the Forest"
Piero della Francesca
- Italian painter of the Renaissance
- Renowned for his innovative contributions to painting
- Noted for his work, "The Flagellation of Christ", and "The Legend of the True Cross"
- Painted the "Baptism of Christ", and "Diptych of the Count and Countess of Urbino"
Sandro Botticelli
- Italian painter of the Renaissance
- Celebrated for his ethereal beauty, mythological themes, and intricate symbolism
- Noted for his work, "The Birth of Venus", and "Primavera"
- Painted "Venus and Mars", and "Adoration of the Magi"
Andrea Mantegna
- Italian painter and printmaker
- Experimented with perspective and led a workshop that produced prints
- Noted for his work, "The Agony in the Garden", and "The Lamentation over the Dead Christ"
- Painted the "San Zeno Altarpiece", and "Ceiling of Camera degli Sposi"
Andrea del Verrocchio
- Italian sculptor, painter, and goldsmith
- Trained famous pupils, including Leonardo da Vinci
- Noted for his work, "The Baptism of Christ", and "David"
- Created the Equestrian statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice
Pietro Perugino
- Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbrian school
- Developed classic expression in the High Renaissance
- Noted for his work, "The Delivery of the Keys", and "The Virgin appearing to St. Bernard"
Domenico Ghirlandaio
- Italian Renaissance painter born in Florence
- Part of the "third generation" of the Florentine Renaissance
- Trained famous pupils, including Michelangelo
- Noted for his work, "The Virgin and Child with St. John the Baptist", and "Portrait of Francesco delle Opere"### High Renaissance
- The High Renaissance was a period of exceptional artistic production in the Italian states, particularly in Rome and Florence, from 1495 to 1527.
- The period is characterized by the work of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Bramante.
- The High Renaissance style is marked by the use of linear perspective, realistic depiction of physical and psychological features, and manipulation of light and darkness.
Leonardo da Vinci
- Born in 1452, died in 1519.
- An Italian polymath who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.
- Famous for his notebooks, which contain drawings and notes on various subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, and paleontology.
- Regarded as one of the greatest painters in the history of art and a founder of the High Renaissance.
- Notable works include the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and Vitruvian Man.
Raphael
- Born in 1483, died in 1520.
- An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.
- Known for his clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.
- Worked in Rome, where he was given important commissions, including the Apostolic Palace at the Vatican.
- Notable works include The School of Athens, Parnassus, and Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione.
Michelangelo
- Born in 1475, died in 1564.
- An Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.
- Inspired by classical models and had a lasting influence on Western art.
- Known for his mastery of numerous artistic fields, including sculpture, painting, and architecture.
- Notable works include the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Pietà, and David.
Venetian School
- A school of painting that emerged in Venice in the 16th century.
- Characterized by the use of color and light to create a sense of atmosphere and mood.
- Famous artists of the Venetian School include Giorgione, Titian, and Tintoretto.
- Notable works include Giorgione's The Three Philosophers, Titian's Bacchus and Ariadne, and Tintoretto's The Last Supper.
Northern European Renaissance
- A period of cultural and artistic transformation that occurred in Europe north of the Alps from the 15th to the 17th century.
- Characterized by the emergence of new artistic styles, including Early Netherlandish painting and the German Renaissance.
- Famous artists of the Northern European Renaissance include Jan van Eyck, Hieronymus Bosch, and Pieter Bruegel the Elder.
Jan van Eyck
- A Flemish painter active in Bruges who was one of the early innovators of Early Netherlandish painting.
- Known for his highly realistic and detailed style, which was influenced by Gothic art.
- Notable works include the Ghent Altarpiece and The Arnolfini Portrait.
Hieronymus Bosch
- A Dutch painter from Brabant who was one of the most notable representatives of the Early Netherlandish painting school.
- Known for his fantastical and often disturbing illustrations of religious concepts and narratives.
- Notable works include The Garden of Earthly Delights and The Triptych of the Temptation of St. Anthony.
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
- A Dutch painter who was active in the Low Countries and is known for his landscapes and peasant scenes.
- A pioneer of the genre painting, which focused on everyday life and ordinary people.
- Notable works include The Peasant Wedding, The Hunters in the Snow, and The Fall of the Rebel Angels.
Albrecht Dürer
- A German painter, printmaker, and theorist who was active in Nuremberg and is known for his high-quality woodcut prints.
- Influenced by Gothic art and the Italian Renaissance.
- Notable works include the woodcuts series, including Knight, Death and the Devil, Saint Jerome in his Study, and Melencolia I.
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Test your knowledge of Ancient Greek Art, including the periods, styles, and notable artists and their works.
